Background Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most popular staple food grain and an important source of fibre, energy, minerals, vitamins, and other biomolecules. Rice parts exhibited a number of health beneficial effect in pre-clinical/clinical studies. Rice constituents are getting popularity in preparation of pharmaceutical adjuvant, food additives and supplements. Scope & approach In this paper, we summarized the available literature on health-promoting and therapeutic activity of rice and rice biomolecules, and biomolecules, along with the scope of rice in pharmaceutical and food industry. In addition, we discussed the possible molecular mechanisms of action of the rice/rice part/biomolecules. Key findings Vitamin E, γ-oryzanol, phenolic acids (i.e. ferulic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid), anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (i.e. epicatechin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), flavonoids (i.e. quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, tricin), carotenoids (i.e. lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene) and phytosterol (i.e. stigmasterol, β-sitosterol) are some key rice biomolecules. Promoting endogenous antioxidants, scavenging free radicals, suppression of inflammatory/pro-inflammatory cytokinins (i.e. interleukin 6, cyclooxygenase, tumor necrosis factor, NOS) are some key antioxidant, anti-inflammatory mechanism of rice biomolecules. Rice bran cause apoptosis, inhibit DNA synthesis of cancer cell. Rice bran and biomolecules found effective against diabetes by enhancing insulin release and glucose uptake, inhibiting β-cell destruction, insulin resistance, carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme and AGE formation. Rice bran/rice bran oil enhanced LDL receptor, CYP7A1, SREBP-2 and excretion of faecal cholesterol and bile acid, while reduced cholesterol absorption, HMG-CoA reductase, fatty acid synthase. Rice and its biomolecules also exhibited nephroprotective, neuroprotective, GIT protective activity. Rice starch is getting importance in the pharmaceutical industry as an adjuvant.

Rice - not just a staple food: A comprehensive review on its phytochemicals and therapeutic potential

The objective of this study was to determine the magnitude of nonadherence and its contributing factors among diabetic patients attending the diabetic clinic in Adama Hospital. Methods. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among patients with diabetes mellitus attending the diabetes mellitus clinic of Adama Referral Hospital. Every other patient was selected and data regarding their medication adherence was collected using a structured interview. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS-16. Result. The response rate from this study was 98.3%. A total of 270 patients were interviewed; 51.5% were males. A total of 68.1% of the patients included in the study were married. 14% were younger than 40 years, and 50% were between 40 and 60 years. 21.8% of the participants ascribed their nonadherence to forgetting to take their medications. Patients with duration of diabetes 5 years (82.07%) were more compliant to their medication than those with 5 years (60.8%), which was found to be statistically significant . Insulin, 47%, and glibenclamide plus metformin, 43.7%, were the most commonly prescribed mono- and combination therapies, respectively. Common comorbid conditions include hypertension, 148 (54.82%), and visual impairment, 89 (32.96%). The proportion of male patients adherent to their antidiabetic medications was found to be lower than 69.78% compared to the female patients (74.81%), but the difference was not statistically significant . Conclusion. Most diabetic patients are currently being managed with the most effective available drugs. However the result from this study indicates that the desired blood sugar level could not be controlled and maintained adequately. This was because of poor adherence to the prescribed drug regimen and poor knowledge and practice of successful self-management.

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Nonadherence and contributing factors among ambulatory patients with antidiabetic medications in Adama Referral Hospital.

BACKGROUND: The popular commercially cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom contains very high nutrients and bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. The ethanolic extract seems to be the most active in preparation.
AIM: This study has an aim to compare the phytochemical analysis of a fresh, dry and ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus, to measure the total phenolic content and antioxidant activities in vitro of ethanolic extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus.
METHODS: The fresh plant's materials (FPM), dry plants materials (DPM), ethanolic extracts were macerated with 70% (EE70) and 96% ethanol (EE96) of Pleurotus ostreatus which were used for phytochemical analysis, and EE96 was used for antioxidant activity in vitro. The phytochemical analysis was conducted using the Dragendorf and Meyer, FeCl3 test, Salkowsky method, Lieberman method, amyl alcohol, foam test and the NaOH reagent. The total phenol test was carried out using the Follin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was tested using the ABTS and H2O2 essay.
RESULTS: The phytochemical screening showed that the flavonoid, phenolic compounds, tannin, saponin, alkaloids, and steroids were detected in the FPM, DPM, EE70 and also the EE96. The alkaloid, however, was not identified by the Meyer Reagent in the FPM and DPM. The DPM and EE70 seemed to have the highest amount of saponin based on the foam that was formed. Meanwhile, steroids and flavonoids were detected at a higher level in the EE96, based on the strength of visible colour. However, triterpenoid and quinones could not be identified. In the total phenol test, there was an amount of 6.67 I¼g phenol in a 1 mg extract sample which was equivalent to 1 mg of Gallic Acid. The EE96 has an IC50 of 108.07 I¼g/mL for ABTS and an IC50 reduction of 229.17 I¼g/mL. The process of Pleurotus ostreatus drying did not reduce the content of active substances. The polar active substances seem to be more soluble in the EE70 than the EE96.
CONCLUSION: The higher the bioactive substances in the preparation, the more significant the bio-therapeutic effects. Ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus has a phenol content and a good antioxidant action.

The The Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities in Vitro of White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) Preparations

Objectives : The goals of this research were to observe antioxidant properties from different parts of super red dragon fruit ( Hylocereus costaricensis ) using two antioxidant testing methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Methods: Antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH and ABTS assays, total phenolic content (TPC) using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoid content by Chang’s method. Results: Inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of DPPH scavenging activity of all of the extracts in the range of 2.69 μg/ml was −94.17 μg/ml. The ethyl acetate peel extract of super red dragon fruit expressed the highest TPC (4.56 g GAE/100 g) and the highest total flavonoid content (12.63 g QE/100 g). TPC in flesh extract of super red dragon fruit had a negative and significant correlation with their IC50 of ABTS. The IC50 of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS of flesh extract of super red dragon fruit showed positive and significant correlation. Conclusion: All different parts extracts of super red dragon fruit (except n-hexane flesh extract) were categorized as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Phenolic compounds in flesh extract of super red dragon fruit were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by ABTS method. DPPH and ABTS showed linear results in antioxidant activities of super red dragon fruit flesh extract.

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Antioxidant profile and phytochemical content of different parts of super red dragon fruit (hylocereus costaricensis) collected from west java-indonesia

Objective: The aims of this research were to observe antioxidant activities from different parts of Bogor pineapple ( Ananas comosus [L.] Merr. Var. Queen) using two antioxidant testing methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and correlation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents with their inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of DPPH and exhibitory concentration 50% (EC50) of FRAP. Methods: Each sample was extracted by reflux using different polarity solvents. Antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH and FRAP assays, total phenolic content (TPC) using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoid content by Chang’s method, and correlation with their IC50 DPPH and EC50 FRAP were analyzed by Pearson’s method. Results: IC50 DPPH of various extracts of different parts of Bogor pineapple ranged from 0.13 to 68.17μg/ml. The ethyl acetate peel extract of Bogor pineapple presented the highest TPC (7.84 g GAE/100 g) while the highest total flavonoid content (10.84 g QE/100 g) was shown by ethyl acetate bract extract of Bogor pineapple. TPC in peel extract of Bogor pineapple had negative and significant correlation with their EC50 FRAP. The IC50 DPPH and EC50 FRAP of peel extract of Bogor pineapple showed positive and significant correlation. Conclusion: All different part extracts of Bogor pineapple (except n-hexane flesh extract, peel extract, and bract extract) were categorized as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Phenolic compounds in peel extract of Bogor pineapple were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by FRAP method. DPPH and FRAP methods gave linear results in antioxidant activities of Bogor pineapple peel extract.

Antioxidant potential of different parts of bogor pineapple (ananas comosus [l.] merr. var. queen) cultivated in west java-indonesia

Objective: The study investigated for the several of solvent on merits Trigasornmas formula in term of phenolic, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities. Methods: This research studied the effects of extraction solvents in water, ethyl acetate, methanol, dichloromethane, ethanol and hexane extracts of Trigasormmas formula . Total phenolic and total flavonoid content were evaluated according to the Folin- Ciocalteu procedure and a aluminium chloride colorimetric method, respectively. Two methods of antioxidant activities were used DPPH radical scavenging assay (DPPH assay) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. According to our study, the outcomes of free radical scavenging properties were demonstrated in terms of mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g sample and mg ferric sulfate equivalent (FeSO 4 )/100 g sample antioxidant, respectively. Results: The average total phenolic content of water extract was 1,955.23±60.87 mg GAE/100 g sample which was higher than the other solvents while the methanol extract showed the highest flavonoid content at about 321.15±9.12 mg FeSO 4 /100g sample. For antioxidant properties, DPPH and FRAP assay, the highest values were found in water extract at about 158.93±12.45 mg GAE/100g sample and 2,118.87±24.38 mg FeSO 4 /100g sample, respectively. Conclusion: The obtained results support the use of this Thai traditional herbal formula, and suggest more investigation.

Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant properties of thai traditional herbal

Objective: The present study is investigation in the rice bran oil from four rice varieties in term of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Methods: This research studied the effects of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity from cold press rice bran oil . For anti-inflammatory, their inhibitory activity of nitric oxide (NO) production using RAW267.4 cell lines was evaluated. And two methods for antioxidant activities, DPPH radical scavenging assay (DPPH assay) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay were used and compared with gallic acid standard and ferric sulfate (FeSO 4 ), respectively. Results: For the Oryza Sativa L. Khaw-khaw exhibited the highest activity against the NO production with an IC 50 value of 41.96 μg/ml, followed by O. Sativa L. Hom Pathum (46.58 μg/ml), O. Sativa L. Hom Mali (53.84 μg/ml) and O. Sativa L. Hom Mali Gorkho (59.43 μg/ml). However, the antioxidant activity, DPPH method found O. Sativa L. Hom Mali Gorkho displayed the most potent effect with IC 50 value of 0.08 mg/ml, followed by O. Sativa L. Hom Pathum (0.11mg/ml), O. Sativa L. Hom Mali (0.12mg/ml) and O. Sativa L. Khaw khaw (0.88 mg/ml), respectively. The assay of FRAP showed the highest in O. Sativa L. Hom Mali Gorkho with an IC 50 value 2.27 mg/ml, followed by O. Sativa L. Hom Pathum (4.30 mg/ml), O. Sativa L. Khaw khaw (6.67 mg/ml) and O. Sativa L. Hom Mali (7.68 mg/ml), respectively. Conclusion: This study indicated that cold press rice bran oil from rice varieties in Thailand is responsible for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Therefore, this study supports the tradition use of cold press rice bran oil for treatment of inflammatory related diseases though the inhibition of nitric oxide release. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory , Antioxidant activities, Oryza Sativa L., Nitic Oxide.

The study of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in cold press rice bran oil from rice in thailand

Objective: The study investigated for the several of solvent on merits Trigasornmas formula in term of phenolic, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities. Methods: This research studied the effects of extraction solvents in water, ethyl acetate, methanol, dichloromethane, ethanol and hexane extracts of Trigasormmas formula. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content were evaluated according to the Folin- Ciocalteu procedure and a aluminium chloride colorimetric method, respectively. Two methods of antioxidant activities were used DPPH radical scavenging assay (DPPH assay) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. According to our study, the outcomes of free radical scavenging properties were demonstrated in terms of mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g sample and mg ferric sulfate equivalent (FeSO 4 Results: The average total phenolic content of water extract was 1,955.23±60.87 mg GAE/100 g sample which was higher than the other solvents while the methanol extract showed the highest flavonoid content at about 321.15±9.12 mg FeSO )/100 g sample antioxidant, respectively.

TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF THAI TRADITIONAL HERBAL Original Article

Objective: The present study is investigation in the rice bran oil from four rice varieties in term of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Methods: This research studied the effects of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity from cold press rice bran oil. For anti-inflammatory, their inhibitory activity of nitric oxide (NO) production using RAW267.4 cell lines was evaluated. And two methods for antioxidant activities, DPPH radical scavenging assay (DPPH assay) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay were used and compared with gallic acid standard and ferric sulfate (FeSO 4 Results: For the Oryza Sativa L. Khaw-khaw exhibited the highest activity against the NO production with an IC ), respectively. 50 value of 41.96 μg/ml, followed by O. Sativa L. Hom Pathum (46.58 μg/ml), O. Sativa L. Hom Mali (53.84 μg/ml) and O. Sativa L. Hom Mali Gorkho (59.43 μg/ml). However, the antioxidant activity, DPPH method found O. Sativa L. Hom Mali Gorkho displayed the most potent effect with IC 50 value of 0.08 mg/ml, followed by O. Sativa L. Hom Pathum (0.11mg/ml), O. Sativa L. Hom Mali (0.12mg/ml) and O. Sativa L. Khaw khaw (0.88 mg/ml), respectively. The assay of FRAP showed the highest in O. Sativa L. Hom Mali Gorkho with an IC 50 Conclusion: This study indicated that cold press rice bran oil from rice varieties in Thailand is responsible for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Therefore, this study supports the tradition use of cold press rice bran oil for treatment of inflammatory related diseases though the inhibition of nitric oxide release. value 2.27 mg/ml, followed by O. Sativa L. Hom Pathum (4.30 mg/ml), O. Sativa L. Khaw khaw (6.67 mg/ml) and O. Sativa L. Hom Mali (7.68 mg/ml), respectively.

THE STUDY OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN COLD PRESS RICE BRAN OIL FROM RICE IN THAILAND Original Article

A simple, precise, accurate RP-HPLC method was developed for the quantitative estimation of gallic acid and protocatechuic acid in Trigasornmas recipe. The separation was accomplished with a column RP-C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm x 5 micron) using a gradient of acetonitrile and 0.1% acetic acid in water as the mobile phase, with a flow rate was set to 0.9 mL /min and injection volume of 20 µL, analysis was screened with UV detector at 280 nm. The retention time for standard gallic acid was found at 9.28±0.05 minute and for the protocatechuic acid was found at 17.67±0.03 minute. Calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 1.56-100 µg/mL. Correlation coefficient (r 2 ) was 1.0000. The proposed method was validated for linearity, accuracy, selectivity, precision, LOD and LOQ. The proposed RP-HPLC method was found to be simple, precise, accurate and can be used for the quality control of the raw material as well as its formulation.

F. Madaka

Papers

Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant properties of thai traditional herbal

The study of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in cold press rice bran oil from rice in thailand

TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF THAI TRADITIONAL HERBAL Original Article

THE STUDY OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN COLD PRESS RICE BRAN OIL FROM RICE IN THAILAND Original Article

Development and validation of a rp-hplc method for identification and estimation of gallic acid and protocatechuic acid in trigasornmas recipe