How to Write the History of the New World: Histories, Epistemologies, and Identities in the Eighteenth‐Century Atlantic World. By Jorge Cañizares‐Esguerra. Cultural Sitings. Edited by, Elazar Barkan. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001. Pp. xviii+450. $55.00.

Based on three years participation in an attempt to establish a social centre in an abandoned building in New Cross, this thesis explores the forms of commoning practiced as part of that process. The commons here concern forms of interrelationships between beings (human and nonhuman) that cannot be appropriately understood through the idioms of narrowly defined economistic logics, such as extraction, resources, management, production, utility and exchange. Rather, the commons constitute a radically democratic, or transversal, site of encounter with difference, uncommonalities, and other beings. In the cosmopolitical modalities of interrelation that the commons and commoning constitute and seek to explore care and communication play fundamental roles. The modalities of care and communication that commoning explores and creates function as existentially constitutive gestures that define the interrelationships of beings brought together through commoning. Care, as such is not only people caring for one another, or their environment, but more intrinsically is a mode of relating to, and communicating with, difference and others. Commoning is found to be a process which starts from difference and creates further difference, revealing the uncommons as both the possibility and limit of the commons.

Fields of Commoning: Attempts at Creating (Un)Common Worlds in New Cross

Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750-1970. Suzanne L. Marchand. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. 400 pp.

Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750‐1970

National Thought in Europe: A Cultural History

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European Universities From The Enlightenment To 1914

The Transformation of the Humanities. Ideals and Practices of Scholarship between Enlightenment and Romanticism, 1750-1850

ArtFutures. Current Issues in Higher Arts Education

Father Wilhelm Schmidt SVD (1868-1954) was one of the great linguistic and ethnological information hoarders of the early 20th century. Through the missionary Society of the Divine Word, he coordinated an army of trained fieldworkers who supplied him with information for his twelve-volume synthesis of world religions, his atlas of the world’s languages, and the journal Anthropos. Schmidt saw himself as practicing Catholic modern science, based on historical criticism and observational data. His guiding tenet was that language structures and material culture were linked to intersecting patterns of original Kulturkreise (cultural spheres), each with their own form of primeval monotheistic religious awareness. In other words, Schmidt sought to confirm Catholic dogma through data; a confirmation bias that mainly taints his ethnological work. This article investigates to what extent it also informed his more technical linguistic work, and how the two are interrelated. 

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Between Dogma and Data: Wilhelm Schmidt and the Afterlives of 19th-Century Ethnolinguistics

Language was never studied by linguists (or philologists) alone. The greater part of the languages of the world was first known in the West through the reports of missionaries, explorers, and colonial administrators, and what they documented reflected their specific interests. Missionaries wrote catechisms, primers, dictionaries, and Bible translations (especially Lord's Prayers); for explorers and administrators, language was one aspect among many to cover in their accounts of faraway regions. Peoples were identified by their language; toponyms served for geographic description; names of plants and animals were gathered together with specimens and images of plants and animals. In this context, linguistic materials were equally described as “specimens.” This article investigates the various ways in which language material was used and conceived of as a specimen, and the global trajectories of these “specimens.” Especially the role of naturalist explorers deserves closer attention in this regard. What they did, throughout the late 18th and 19th century, was gathering language material as one kind of specimen among others, Forster in the Pacific, Humboldt, Martius, and d'Orbigny in South America, and Peters in Mozambique. Two large‐scale expeditions from the mid‐19th century stand out as examples: the U.S. Exploring Expedition (1838–1842), whose collections later filled the Smithsonian Institution, and the Austrian‐Hungarian Novara expedition (1857–1859).

Language as a Specimen

Was there anything like “normal science” in the early modern humanities? The term humanities itself, though going back to early humanist studia humanitatis, is problematic to use for early modern scholarship, since it mainly indicated a (propaedeutic) curriculum. What we now call the humanities were known in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as “letters.” Different, overlapping container notions were also in use: rhetoric and belles-lettres, schöne Wissenschaften, critique, erudition. Early modern scholarship was organized by genre rather than by discipline, but the genres themselves were unstable. To what extent, then, can one identify examples that represent normal scholarly practice, standards for what counted as “knowledge,” common ways of “puzzle-solving”? This article consecutively explores four aspects: (1) textbooks that identified the object of knowledge, (2) the normative example of early modern philology, (3) practices of “puzzle-solving” in antiquarianism, and (4) perceived discrepancies in historical scholarship between the classical example and the practice of compilation.

F.O. Solleveld

Papers

The Transformation of the Humanities. Ideals and Practices of Scholarship between Enlightenment and Romanticism, 1750-1850

ArtFutures. Current Issues in Higher Arts Education

Between Dogma and Data: Wilhelm Schmidt and the Afterlives of 19th-Century Ethnolinguistics

Language as a Specimen

A Science of Letters? Forms of “Normal Science” in the Late Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Humanities