Illustrated identification keys to strongylid parasites (Strongylidae: Nematoda) of horses, zebras and asses (Equidae).

Historical perspective of cyathostomes: prevalence, treatment and control programs.

Segmented, filamentous bacteria (SFBs) are autochthonous, apathogenic bacteria, occuring in the ileum of mice and rats. Although the application of formal taxonomic criteria is imposible due to the lack of an in vitro technique to culture SFBs, microbes with a similar morphology, found in the intestine of a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate host species, are considered to be related. SFBs are firmly attached to the epithelial cells of the distal ileal mucosa, their preferential ecological niche being the epithelium covering the Peyer's patches. Electron microscopic studies have demonstrated a considerable morphological diversity of SFBs, which may relate to different stages of a life cycle. Determinants of SFB colonization in vivo are host species, genotypical and phenotypical characteristics of the host, diet composition, environmental stress and antimicrobial drugs. SFBs can survive in vitro incubation, but do not multiply. On the basis of their apathogenic character and intimate relationship with the host, it is suggested that SFBs contribute to development and/or maintenance of host resistance to enteropathogens.

Intestinal, segmented, filamentous bacteria.

Host-parasite dynamics can be strongly affected by seasonality and age-related host immune responses. We investigated how observed variation in the prevalence and intensity of parasite egg or oocyst shedding in four co-occurring ungulate species may reflect underlying seasonal variation in transmission and host immunity. This study was conducted July 2005–October 2006 in Etosha National Park, Namibia, using indices of parasitism recorded from 1,022 fecal samples collected from plains zebra (Equus quagga), springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), and gemsbok (Oryx gazella). The presence and intensity of strongyle nematodes, Strongyloides spp. and Eimeria spp. parasites, were strongly seasonal for most host-parasite combinations, with more hosts infected in the wet season than the dry season. Strongyle intensity in zebra was significantly lower in juveniles than adults, and in springbok hosts, Eimeria spp. intensity was significantly greater in juveniles than adults. Thes...

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Seasonal and demographic factors influencing gastrointestinal parasitism in ungulates of Etosha National Park.

Anthelmintic resistance in equine parasites—Current evidence and knowledge gaps

The overwintering of 4th stage cyathostomes in the gut walls and their emergence which differ in the 2 hosts, are discussed. lNTRODUCfiON The Etosha National Park is the habitat of both Bur­ chell's (Equus burchelli antiquorum) and Hartmann's mountain zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae), where they share some of the same grazing. With the exce{>tion of Equus burchelli, which is designated to species, the early host-parasite checklists (Monnig, 1928: Le Roux, 1932) ~oup all the zebras together, regardless of spec­ ies. Scialdo-Krecek, Reinecke & Biggs (1983) reported on the seasonal prevalence of the internal parasites of Hartmann's mountain zebra in central SW A/Namibia while Scialdo, Reinecke & DeVos (1982) reported o~ those of Burchell's zebra in the Kruger National Park. 13 1.5 19 23 25

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Studies on the parasites of zebras. V. Nematodes of the Burchell's and Hartmann's mountain zebras from the Etosha National Park, South West Africa/Namibia.

Parasites were collected from 13 Cape mountain zebras (Equus zebra zebra) in the Mountain Zebra National Park, South Africa, during four seasons of 1983 and 1984. Eighteen nematode species belonging to the families Atractidae, Habronematidae, and Strongylidae, and one species of cestode were recovered. The most abundant nematodes were Cyathostomum tetracanthum, Cylicostephanus longiconus and Probstmayria vivipara. Only one of the 10 cyathostome nematodes recovered, C. longiconus was present in every zebra.

Helminth Parasites of Cape Mountain Zebras from Cape Province, South Africa

Microorganisms attached to the posterior and anterior extremities of zebra cyathostomes are studied by scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The predominant constituent of the microbial community is a filamentous prokaryotic organism, which bears resemblance to Arthromitus Leidy, 1849, and is designated Arthromitus-like organism (ALO). ALO is associated with the vulvar and anal openings of the female's posterior end. The other organisms include those with a filamentous cross wall, a distinct double cell wall, a blunt end, and spiral shape. These microbes are not observed to cause harm to the cyathostome host.

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Fine Structure of a Bacterial Community Associated with Cyathostomes (Nematoda: Strongylidae) of Zebras

Triodontophorus burchelli sp. n. and Triodontophorus hartmannae sp. n. (Nematoda: Strongylidae) from the Burchell's, Hartmann's, and Cape mountain zebras in southern Africa

Parasites were collected from 13 Cape mountain zebras (Equus zebra zebra) in the Mountain Zebra National Park, South Af- rica, during four seasons of 1983 and 1984. Eighteen nematode species belonging to the families Atractidae, Habronematidae, and Strongylidae, and one species of cestode were recovered. The most abundant nematodes were Cyathostomurn tetracanthum, Cylicostephan- us Ion giconus and Probstmayria vivipara. Only one of the 10 cyathostome nematodes recovered, C. Ion giconus was present in every zebra.

F. S. Malan

Papers

Studies on the parasites of zebras. V. Nematodes of the Burchell's and Hartmann's mountain zebras from the Etosha National Park, South West Africa/Namibia.

Helminth Parasites of Cape Mountain Zebras from Cape Province, South Africa

Fine Structure of a Bacterial Community Associated with Cyathostomes (Nematoda: Strongylidae) of Zebras

Triodontophorus burchelli sp. n. and Triodontophorus hartmannae sp. n. (Nematoda: Strongylidae) from the Burchell's, Hartmann's, and Cape mountain zebras in southern Africa

Helminth Parasites of Cape Mountain Zebras from