Highlights • The safety of future automated vehicles depends on the requirements defined by international regulations.• Safety requirements should be testable, verifiable and robust.• Safety requirements should not dictate how an automated vehicles should operate but set their performance.• Proper models should be used to set performance requirements to reproduce the complexity of a traffic scenario.• Fuzzy logic is an appropriate tool to define the performance requirement of automated vehicles.

Driver models for the definition of safety requirements of automated vehicles in international regulations. Application to motorway driving conditions

UN Regulation 157, the first global regulation regarding the type-approval of Automated Driving Systems (ADS), has been adopted in 2021. In it, safety performance requirements are being defined for vehicles of automation Level 3, according to the SAE J3016, with a limited Operational Design Domain (ODD). In particular, for three types of events that are related to motorway driving, two models are provided to distinguish between preventable traffic scenarios, for which the ADS is expected to avoid an accident, and unpreventable traffic scenarios, for which accidents cannot be avoided and the ADS can only mitigate their severity. The models recreate the short-term behavior of a driver who reacts to an emergency. Two possible actions are predicted: either no reaction or full braking when danger is identified. In the present paper the two models are analyzed and compared with two additional models: an industry proposed model, the Responsibility Sensitive Safety framework (RSS), and the Fuzzy Safety Model (FSM) proposed by the authors. As in the case of the two regulation models, also the RSS, although more sophisticated, assumes that the possible reaction by the driver is binary. This approach neglects the ability of a human driver to drive defensively and anticipate possible risks. Defensive drivers, indeed, may use comfortable decelerations in anticipation, to avoid finding themselves in an emergency situation. The FSM uses fuzzy logic to mimic this behavior. Results show that anticipation plays a very important role to reduce the number of unpreventable traffic scenarios. In addition, by validating the classification capabilities of the four models with real traffic data, the FSM proved to be the most suitable of the investigated models. On the basis of these results, the FSM has been included in the proposal for amending UN Regulation 157, thus allowing to set higher safety standards for the first automated vehicles that will be introduced into the market. 

Previous research has been limited to investigating acceptance of autonomous vehicles (AVs) from a consumer-oriented perspective, thereby neglecting the numerous attitudes and behaviors emerging among multiple social actors and contexts. Moreover, methodological approaches based on surveys or interviews are limited in their ability to capture the full picture of public opinion due to the pre-defined nature of questioning and small sample size. Drawing on a social constructionist perspective, we investigate public discourse on AVs and base our qualitative analysis on conversation data (389′863 posts) from two related online communities on Reddit between January 2016 and March 2021. Four major streams of discussion are identified, namely Social, Economic, Ethical, and Legal dimensions. By systematically exploring and structuring the complex nature of public opinion on AVs, the present study contributes by enhancing our understanding on AV acceptance and providing implications for policy makers, stakeholders, and social science research. 

Public discourse on automated vehicles in online discussion forums: A social constructionist perspective

Citizens' attitudes towards technological innovations: The case of urban air mobility

:The history of radical ideas in Latin America, in particular those associated with the working class, such as anarchism and socialism, were often perceived in a European perspective, with limited appreciation for the particularities of the continent. This article analyzes the reception of the currents of the anarchism in Porfirist Mexico throughout the Mexican revolution focusing on the ideas of Ricardo Flores Magon and the zapatism of the State of Morelos, exploring resignifications and continuities in the liberal Mexican political traditions.
Keywords: magonism; zapatismo; Mexican Revolution.

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Liberalismo radical e anarquismo no México porfirista

Do citizens, media and policymakers share the same view on autonomous cars? In the present paper, we analyse data from media articles, a Eurobarometer survey, and policy documents, to understand the perspective of different stakeholders when it comes to autonomous cars. We find significant differences between the groups, with a predominance of negative sentiments in news articles and a majority of citizens being wary of autonomous cars, while the political narrative mostly carries a positive tone. The findings highlight a dichotomous perspective about this potentially disruptive technology. This may represent a problem as the benefits of adopting autonomous cars will only come to surface if all actors are engaged and see the advantages they can bring to people's daily lives. We conclude by encouraging policymakers to promote initiatives to engage citizens in the transformation of road transport and other stakeholders to be advertised the positive implications of autonomous vehicles. 

An acceptance divergence? Media, citizens and policy perspectives on autonomous cars in the European Union

This article focuses the political development of magonismo - the most radical opposition to the Porfirio Diaz regime - from the onset of the Mexican Revolution in 1910. As we relate its ideological evolution to the defeats suffered by the revolutionaries in battlefield, its outcome is analysed under the light of the constrainsts faced by the national democratic revolution in Mexico.

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O Magonismo e a Revolução Mexicana: um Balanço Político e Ideológico

Este articulo se enfoca em las raicesideologicas de la propuesta de Jose Marti(1853-1895) sobre un patron alternativode modernidad que sustenta su proyectoNuestra America. La vision de progreso queencuadra los ideales humanisticos es resultadode la conjuncion de valorar la autoctoniacomo criterio de evolucion historica y desu nocion del hombre natural como paradigmade realizacion humana. Desde esta perspectiva,la realizacion de Nuestra America no es soloentendida como una estrategia geopolitica paraconservar la soberania continental, sino tambiencomo un bastion humanista de un modelo originalcivilizatorio de contenido universal.

Fabio Luis Barbosa dos Santos

Papers

An acceptance divergence? Media, citizens and policy perspectives on autonomous cars in the European Union

O Magonismo e a Revolução Mexicana: um Balanço Político e Ideológico

Visão de progresso em José Martí e as raízes ideológicas de Nuestra América

The Glyphosate Consensus: Rural Poverty Management and Agribusiness in South America During the Pink Tide (1998–2016)