A review on protective role of genistein against oxidative stress in diabetes and related complications.

Gene therapy as a novel study in molecular medicine will have a significant impact on human health in the near future. In recent years, the scope of gene therapy has been developed and is now beginning to revolutionize therapeutic approaches. Accordingly, many types of diseases are now being studied and treated in clinical trials through various gene delivery vectors. The emergence of recombinant DNA technology which provides the possibility of fetal genetic screening and genetic counseling is a good case in point. Therefore, gene therapy advances are being applied to correct inherited genetic disorders such as hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and familial hypercholesterolemia as well as acquired diseases like cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and infectious diseases like HIV. As a result, gene therapy approaches have the ability to help the vast majority of newborns with different diseases. Since these ongoing treatments and clinical trials are being developed, many more barriers and challenges have been created. In order to continue this positive growth, these challenges need to be recognized and addressed. Accordingly, safety, efficiency and also risks and benefits of gene therapy trials for each disease should be considered. As a result, sustained manufacturing of the therapeutic gene product without any harmful side effects is the least requirement for gene therapy. Herein, different aspects of gene therapy, an overview of the progress, and also the prospects for the future have been discussed for the successful practice of gene therapy.

The Horizon of Gene Therapy in Modern Medicine: Advances and Challenges

Type 1 diabetes affects millions of people globally and requires careful management to avoid serious long-term complications, including heart and kidney disease, stroke, and loss of sight The type 1 diabetes patient cohort is highly heterogeneous, with individuals presenting with disease at different stages and severities, arising from distinct etiologies, and overlaying varied genetic backgrounds At present, the “one-size-fits-all” treatment for type 1 diabetes is exogenic insulin substitution therapy, but this approach fails to achieve optimal blood glucose control in many individuals With advances in our understanding of early-stage diabetes development, diabetes stratification, and the role of genetics, type 1 diabetes is a promising candidate for a personalized medicine approach, which aims to apply “the right therapy at the right time, to the right patient” In the case of type 1 diabetes, great efforts are now being focused on risk stratification for diabetes development to enable pre-clinical detection, and the application of treatments such as gene therapy, to prevent pancreatic destruction in a sub-set of patients Alongside this, breakthroughs in stem cell therapies hold great promise for the regeneration of pancreatic tissues in some individuals Here we review the recent initiatives in the field of personalized medicine for type 1 diabetes, including the latest discoveries in stem cell and gene therapy for the disease, and current obstacles that must be overcome before the dream of personalized medicine for all type 1 diabetes patients can be realized

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Diagnosis and treatment of type 1 diabetes at the dawn of the personalized medicine era.

Introduction: We aimed to elucidate the relationship between CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and miR-16-5p, and their functions on the biological behaviour of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Material and methods: The GSE72492 dataset from the GEO database was used to analyse gene expression. We discovered that CXCL10 was highly expressed in T1DM patients. The up-stream miRNA was predicted by Targetscan website. Low glucose (2.8 mmol/L) and high glucose (HG, 16.7 mmol/L) were utilised to treat β-TC-tet (pancreatic β cell) cells to form the model. The direct interaction between miR-16-5p and CXCL10 was verified by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting analyses were used to detect RNA and protein expression. CCK8 and flow cytometry were used to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis. Results: We discovered that CXCL10 was highly expressed in T1DM patients. MiR-16-5p, which was lowly expressed in T1DM patients, was verified the upstream regulatory miRNA of CXCL10. The facilitating influence of miR-16-5p up-regulation on the proliferation of HG-induced β-TC-tet cells was reversed by CXCL10 over-expression, while the knockdown results were opposite. More importantly, the restraining impact of miR-16-5p high expression on the apoptosis of HG-induced β-TC-tet cells was accelerated by CXCL10 over-expression. Correspondingly, the level of Bcl-2 was enhanced while the levels of Bax and Cleaved Caspase-3 were lowered by miR-16-5p mimic, which were reversed by CXCL10 over-expression in HG-treated β-TC-tet cells. Conclusions: Our data offered evidence that miR-16-5p implicated in T1DM cell proliferation and apoptosis through targeting CXCL10, which might provide novel therapeutic information for T1DM.

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miRNA-16-5p inhibits the apoptosis of high glucose-induced pancreatic β cells via targeting of CXCL10: potential biomarkers in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with joint damage. Effectiveness of embelin has been established in a wide variety of inflammatory disorders, but its utility as a therapeutic agent is limited by its poor absorption, rapid metabolism, and fast systemic elimination. To apprehend these limitations, we propose to use highly bioavailable embelin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-embelin NPs) for the treatment of RA. Methods The rats were made arthritic using a subcutaneous injection with 0.1 ml complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the footpad of the left hind paw. CS-embelin NPs (25 and 50 mg/kg) was administered from day 15 to day 28 after adjuvant injection. After the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and various biochemical markers were assessed. Results Arthritic score and paw swelling were significantly reduced after treatment with CS-embelin NPs. Arthritis-induced rats showed a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) with a concomitant reduction of antioxidants in the paw tissue. CS-embelin NPs (25 and 50 mg/kg) reduced MDA and NO levels and restored antioxidant levels to normalcy by mitigating oxidative stress. The arthritic rats exhibited elevated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) serum concentrations, upregulated TNF- α and IL-6 protein levels and upregulated nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) mRNA expression in paw tissues. Treatment with CS-embelin NPs (25 and 50 mg/kg) significantly reduced serum levels and down-regulated inflammatory markers to normalcy, dose-dependently. Conclusion The results suggest that CS-embelin NPs displayed a protective effect against adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats mediated through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

https://iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iub.2248

Fam Jia Yi

Papers

Gene therapy and type 1 diabetes mellitus.