\n\nMedicinal plants have been used to treat diseases for centuries. They are\nimportant sources in terms of their pharmacological effects and also have many microbial agents.\nRecently, the development of drug resistance has begun to spread in human pathogens against used\nantibiotics and this has led to new research for novel antimicrobial substances from natural products\ncontaining plants.\n\n\n\nThe purpose of this review is to determine the antimicrobial activity of pure phenolic\ncompounds isolated from medicinal plants, to evaluate how molecular structures of these compounds\naffect the activity, and to provide to the readers a source for future studies on natural antimicrobial\nagents.\n\n\n\nRelevant information was gathered from scientific engines and databases (Google Scholar,\nWeb of Science, Scifinder, Science Direct, Scopus, Wiley Online Library, PubMed, Taylor & Francis\nonline) using different keywords. Antimicrobial activity research was selected especially on pure\nphenolic compounds.\n\n\n\n Numerous phenolic compounds were isolated from plants/plant extracts and were shown to\nprevent the growth of bacteria and fungi and their Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and inhibition\nzone values were given in detail.\n\n\n\nThis review revealed that phenolic compounds found in medicinal plants have different\nantimicrobial activity according to their changes in the molecular structure.\n

Antimicrobial Activities of Medicinal Plants Containing Phenolic Compounds

Cholesterol plaque buildup in artery walls occurs due to oxidation of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) molecules by free radicals, which are a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Piper crocatum contains active compounds that can act as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, and essential oils. This study aimed to predict the potential of Piper crocatum extract and fraction compounds as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors by investigating the ligand affinity to the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. Ligand and receptor preparation was conducted using BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer v16.1.0.15350 and AutoDock Tools v.1.5.6. Molecular docking used AutoDock Vina, while ligand visualization and receptor binding used PyMOL (TM) 1.7.4.5.Edu. The receptor used was HMG-CoA reductase (PDB code: 1HWK) with atorvastatin as a control ligand. Catechin, schisandrin B, and CHEMBL216163 had the highest inhibition with affinity energies of -7.9 kcal/mol, -8.2 kcal/mol, -8.3 kcal/mol, respectively. Amino acid residues that played a role in ligand and receptor interactions were Ser684, Asp690, Lys691, Lys692.

/pdf/molecular-docking-of-red-betel-piper-crocatum-ruiz-pav-58vgoguata.pdf

Molecular Docking of Red Betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) Bioactive Compounds as HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor

Abstrak: Inflammation is one of the immune system's responses to infection, irritation, also cell damage. Inflammation stimulates pro-inflammatory biomarkers. Albumin and globulin are included as inflammatory biomarkers, albumin is a negative acute phase protein (-APP), which will decrease, and globulin is a positive acute phase protein (+APP), which will increase due to inflammation. Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom with anti-inflammatory potential that could increase the albumin level in blood due to inflammation. This research aimed to examine the effect of G. lucidum extract on the albumin and globulin level of inflamed white rats anddetermine the most effective dose of extract to be an anti-inflammatory agent. The study was conducted with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 6 treatments of healthy control (HC), inflamed rats as negative control (C-), inflamed rats with Na-diclofenac administration (C+), and inflamed rats with G. lucidum extract administration with a dose of 250, 500, 750 mg/kg BW (T1, T2, and T3) with four replications each. The independent variable is the dose variant of   G. lucidum (250, 500, 750 mg/kg BW), with the dependent variable being the changesin albumin and globulin levels. The main parameters are albumin and globulin levels, and the support parameter is the GC-MS test. The data were processed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at an error rate of 5%, followed by Duncan's analysis at 95% confidence level. The results show that mushroom G. lucidum extract administration with a dose of 250 mg/kg BW is the most effective dose to be ana dose of 250 mg/kg BW, which is the most effective anti-inflammatory agent.

/pdf/ganoderma-lucidum-as-anti-inflammatory-agent-on-the-level-of-85ktuiro.pdf

Ganoderma lucidum as Anti-Inflammatory Agent on The Level of Albumin and Globulin in Rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Model

Phenolic compounds are natural substances that are produced through the secondary metabolism of plants, fungi, and bacteria, in addition to being produced by chemical synthesis. These compounds have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, among others. In this way, Brazil represents one of the most promising countries regarding phenolic compounds since it has a heterogeneous flora, with the presence of six distinct biomes (Cerrado, Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Pantanal, and Pampa). Recently, several studies have pointed to an era of antimicrobial resistance due to the unrestricted and large-scale use of antibiotics, which led to the emergence of some survival mechanisms of bacteria to these compounds. Therefore, the use of natural substances with antimicrobial action can help combat these resistant pathogens and represent a natural alternative that may be useful in animal nutrition for direct application in food and can be used in human nutrition to promote health. Therefore, this study aimed to (i) evaluate the phenolic compounds with antimicrobial properties isolated from plants present in Brazil, (ii) discuss the compounds across different classes (flavonoids, xanthones, coumarins, phenolic acids, and others), and (iii) address the structure–activity relationship of phenolic compounds that lead to antimicrobial action.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/4/645/pdf?version=1679643179

Phenolic Compounds in Bacterial Inactivation: A Perspective from Brazil

This research aims to identify the antimycobacterial activity of fraction of red betel vine leaves ethanol extract (methanol fraction, ethyl acetate, and chloroform) toward M. tuberculosis. Red betel vine leaves ethanol extract was made with maceration method using ethanol solvent 70%. Resulted extract was then fractionated using Liquid Vacuum Chromatography (LVC) with methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform solvent. Each fractionation was exposed to M. tuberculosis with serial dilution method. Controls of fraction, media, bacteria, and isoniazid as standard drug were included in this research. The group of compound from the most active fraction was then identified. The research found that the best fraction for antimycobacterial activity toward M. tuberculosisis chloroform fraction. The compound group of chloroform fraction was then identified. The fraction contains flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, and terpenoid. The fraction of methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform from red betel vine leaves has antimycobacterial activity toward M. tuberculosis. Chloroform fraction has the best antimycobacterial activity and it contains flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, and terpenoid.

Preliminary study on fractions’ activities of red betel vine (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) leaves ethanol extract toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide and becoming a serious problem for the treatment of patients and also affecting their economy. One instance of bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic is Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA infections are fatal and even deadly. Some MRSA strain has shown resistance towards currently available antibacterial agents. To overcome this, we need new compound alternatives. One of the compounds currently being developed is xanthone derivatives. Xanthones can be found in many kinds of plants, including Garcinia mangostana , in which the active compounds are mangostanin and ±-mangostin. Xanthones is effective against several types of Grampositive and Gram-negative bacterias, including Staphylococcus species. Some studies have shown that xanthone derivatives are effective against Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA. One of the proposed mechanisms of xanthone's antibacterial activity is the involvement of the bacteria's cytoplasmic membrane. Xanthone amphiphilic compounds are capable of disrupting bacterial membrane through a mechanism called interfacial activity models. Xanthone can also act as the antioxidant and by inducing the release of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from the cell wall of MRSA. LTA is the main constituent of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, which are covalently bonded to the outside of peptidoglycan. This structure is important for cell division and bacterial osmotic protection. Thus, it is believed that the mechanism of action of xanthones involved damaging bacterial cell membrane.

https://journal.uii.ac.id/JKKI/article/download/8202/pdf

Potency of Xanthone Derivatives as Antibacterial Agent Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Background: Red betel vine (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) is known empirically to have properties to cure various kinds of diseases. It contains flavonoids, alkaloids, polifenolat compounds, tannins and essential oil compounds. Standardization in the pharmacy is required to ensure the level of quality, fulfill the standard requirement of chemical, biological, and pharmaceutical, including the guarantee of stability as pharmaceutical products generally. Objective : To investigate the standard specific and non-specific parameters set by Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (FDSA) of ethanol leaf extract of red betel leaves. Methods : The study began with sample preparation, then extracted by maceration method to get the active compounds in the lumpy extract. Extract was analyzed with standard specific and non-specific parameters set by FDSA. Results were analyzed with descriptive analysis method. Results : The features of leaf extract of red betel vine leaves using are organolepticly viscous, dark green,and has a distinctive odor with a bitter spicy taste. The yield, water content, ash content, and specific gravity of extract were 14.8%, 0.353%, 0.16%, 0.729 respectively. Total mold contamination of extract satisfied the standard criteria that was below the limit of a maximum of 10 colonies/gram. Metal contamination of lead (Pb) was 1. 404 mg/kg and Cadmium (Cd) was 0. 223 mg/kg. Chromatographic profile of the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) red betel vine leaves ethanol extract contains compounds caryophyllene, germacrene-D and some other compounds with low similiaritas index, and has a marker compound which is suspected possibly trimethoxyallyl benzen. Conclusion : The ethanol extract of red betel vine (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) leaves is an extract of the organolepticly viscous, dark green color, distinctive smell, bitter taste, and spicy. The ethanol extract of red betel vine leaves satisfies the standard level set by FDSA and has the marker compound which is expected likely Trimethoxyallyl benzen.

Standardization of leaf extract of red betel(Piper crocatum) leaves using ethanol

P9 The effect of ethanolic extract of red betel vine leaves (Piper crocatum) to the livers and kidneys of DDY mice in acute and subchronic toxicity study

Antibacterial Activity Comparison between the Fraction of Ethyl Acetate, Chloroform, and Methanol of Red Betel Vine (Piper crocatum) Leaves Ethanol Extract toward Salmonella typhi

Farida Juliantina Rachmawaty

Papers

Potency of Xanthone Derivatives as Antibacterial Agent Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Standardization of leaf extract of red betel(Piper crocatum) leaves using ethanol

P9 The effect of ethanolic extract of red betel vine leaves (Piper crocatum) to the livers and kidneys of DDY mice in acute and subchronic toxicity study

Antibacterial Activity Comparison between the Fraction of Ethyl Acetate, Chloroform, and Methanol of Red Betel Vine (Piper crocatum) Leaves Ethanol Extract toward Salmonella typhi

Preliminary study on fractions’ activities of red betel vine (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) leaves ethanol extract toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis