Teaching strategy is an important part of learning. Without suitable learning method, the required goals cannot be achieved. A review study comprises of descriptive and statistical results of previous published articles on traditional lecture and discussion teaching methods has been conducted. Thirty (30) articles published from 2014-2020 have selected for the review.  The review of literature indicated that form 30 selected articles, 24 articles showed statistically higher significant value for discussion teaching method and only six articles showed low significant value form discussion teaching method. So, by review it can be concluded that discussion teaching method is more effective and result oriented teaching strategy than traditional lecture method.

/pdf/a-critical-review-on-discussion-and-traditional-teaching-369odgnqba.pdf

A Critical Review on Discussion and Traditional Teaching Methods

Article History Received: 26 November 2020 Revised: 28 December 2020 Accepted: 19 January 2021 Published: 24 February 2021

/pdf/critical-review-on-flipped-classroom-model-versus-4ptfeo843i.pdf

Critical Review on Flipped Classroom Model Versus Traditional Lecture Method

Moral development of persons is a basic aim of education. According to Islamic teachings, success and failure of a person is judged on moral basis in this world and the hereafter. This study focuses on analysis of moral reasoning of teachers and the students with respect to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. The target population for this study was teachers and students of secondary schools of district Dera Ghazi Khan. Twenty secondary schools are randomly selected from district Dera Ghazi Khan. Three (03) teachers and ten (10) students from each school are selected using random sampling method. The total sample size will be 60 teachers and 200 students. Data is selected by DIT (defining issue test). The collected data is analyzed through descriptive analysis and chi-square test applied using SPSS. The results reveal that the participants reasoned predominantly at the conventional level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning which found that there is no significant difference between the view of teachers and students towards moral reasoning.

/pdf/analysis-of-moral-reasoning-of-teachers-and-the-students-54u85von4e.pdf

Analysis of Moral Reasoning of Teachers and the Students with Respect to Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Evapotranspiration is sensitive to climate change. The main objective of this study was to examine the response of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) under various climate change scenarios using artificial neural networks and the Canadian Earth System Model Second Generation (CanESM2). The Hargreaves method was used to calculate ET0 for western, central, and eastern parts of Prince Edward Island using their two input parameters: daily maximum temperature (Tmax), and daily minimum temperature (Tmin). The Tmax and Tmin were downscaled with the help of statistical downscaling model (SDSM) for three future periods 2020s (2011-2040), 2050s (2041-2070), and 2080s (2071-2100) under three representative concentration pathways (RCP’s) including RCP 2.6, RCP P4.5, and RCP 8.5. Temporally, there were major changes in Tmax, Tmin, and ET0 for the 2080s under RCP8.5. The temporal variations in ET0 for all RCPs matched the reports in the literature for other similar locations. For RCP8.5, it ranged from 1.63 (2020s) to 2.29 mm/day (2080s). As a next step, a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and multilayer perceptron (MLP) were used for estimating ET0. High coefficient of correlation (r > 0.95) values for both calibration and validation periods showed the potential of the artificial neural networks in ET0 estimation. The results of this study will help decision makers and water resource managers in future quantification of the availability of water for the island and to optimize the use of island water resources on a sustainable basis. 

/pdf/application-of-artificial-neural-networks-to-project-3amjvfcs.pdf

Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Project Reference Evapotranspiration Under Climate Change Scenarios

This study examines the influence of taqwa (piety) on sustaining corporate governance. Taqwa (piety) manifests sincerity, integrity, wisdom, and persistency in generating ethical decisions and actions. Organizational corporate governance is in the hands of gatekeepers, employees, and other stakeholders of organizations. Any inadequacy of ethical decisions and actions is a reflection of deficit in taqwa (piety). This study uses personal interview to solicit the views of selected gatekeepers and executives of zakat institutions in Southeast Asia pertaining to the influence of taqwa (piety) level of the gatekeepers in sustaining good corporate governance in zakat institutions. The gatekeepers argued that professionalism and transparency are embedded in the code of conduct for professionals. The legal abiding behavior is confined within the scope of the code of conduct. Beyond legal obligation is the social obligation. The executives contended that taqwa (piety) is the essential spiritual strength to sustain ethical action through corporate governance. The study argued that taqwa (piety) in ethical leadership sustains organizational corporate governance.

Influence of taqwa (piety) on sustaining corporate governance of zakat institutions

Education is a basic need of humanity and key element for the development of a nation. The population is increasing day by day and the main problem of education particularly in primary education is the increasing of number of students in the schools. So, the enrolment size of schools is increasing consistently. The effect of school enrolment size on the student’s achievement has been a major factor for the failure of the education system especially primary education. The purpose of this research is to discover the possible relations between the school enrolment size and student’s achievements. The data of four primary schools namely GPS Gaggu, GPS Samina, GPS Tagiani and GPS Yaroo has been selected to check the effect of school enrolment size on the student’s achievements. The results of the study indicate that as the enrolment size increased in the school, the achievements of the student’s decreased and vice versa.

/pdf/impact-of-school-enrolment-size-on-student-s-achievements-3h8na7m820.pdf

Impact of school enrolment size on student’s achievements

Most of the educational institutions (Universities, Schools and Colleges) in Pakistan are based on traditional method of learning and teaching. Although various institutions are now converting the learning methods from traditional to technology based online learning. At the end of 2019, the sudden outbreak of Pandemic disease Covid-19 has totally changed the learning and teaching system. Many educational institutions that were based on traditional methods of learning and teaching have to shift entirely on online learning and teachings. A survey based research has been conducted to highlight the challenges faced by students and teachers during Covid-19 in learning and teachings at undergraduate and graduate levels. The results of the research indicated that the students and teachers faced a lot of problems during the online learning and teaching. The online learning system of Pakistan, problems during online learning and solutions to the online learning problems are also discussed. This research will give a direction for the solution of problems associated with online learning and teachings.  

Challenges faced by the Teachers and Students in online learning during COVID-19

Various methods are available to predict reference evapotranspiration (ETo) but the Penman-Monteith (PM) ETo method has been considered to be the most accurate ETo method to determine ETo. The PM ETo method can be solved by various weather parameters like atmospheric temperature, wind velocity, moisture content and net solar radiations. There are many weather stations in the world that have no complete set of weather parameters to predict ETo by applying PM ETo method. So alternative ETo methods like Hargreaves (HG) and Blaney-Criddle (BC) ETo methods are used which need only a fewer number of weather parameters. In this paper, two ETo methods, HG and BC are compared with PM ETo method in humid subtropical climatic conditions of Islamabad and Kakul (Abbottabad) weather stations. The study indicate that HG ETo method overestimated PM ETo method by 23.78% at Islamabad weather station and 28.47% at Kakul station. The BC ETo method overestimated PM ETo method by 37.93% at Islamabad weather station and by 22.68% at Kakul weather station. The dissimilarity of HG ETo method with PM ETo method with RMSE was 1.09 mm/day at Islamabad weather station and 1.17 mm/day at Kakul weather station. The dissimilarity of BC ETo method with PM ETo method has Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 2.86 mm/day at Islamabad weather station and 1.48 mm/day at Kakul weather station.

Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration by Hargreaves and Blaney-Criddle Methods in Humid Subtropical Conditions

Article History Received: 14 April 2020 Revised: 25 May 2020 Accepted: 22 September 2020 Published: 19 October 2020

Fatima Tahira

Papers

Impact of school enrolment size on student’s achievements

Analysis of Moral Reasoning of Teachers and the Students with Respect to Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Challenges faced by the Teachers and Students in online learning during COVID-19

Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration by Hargreaves and Blaney-Criddle Methods in Humid Subtropical Conditions

Comparative Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration by Hargreaves and Blaney-Criddle Equations in Semi-Arid Climatic Conditions