SOFT POWER The Means to Success in World Politics Joseph S. Nye, Jr. New York: PublicAffairs, 2004. xvi, igipp, $39.00 cloth (ISBN 1-58648-225-4), $19-95 paper (ISBN 1-58648-306-4)When Pierre Lavai, French foreign minister in May 1935, suggested to Joseph Stalin that he might encourage Catholicism in the Soviet Union in order to mollify Pope Pius XI, Stalin delivered a pointed rejoinder. "The Pope? How many divisions has he got?" Nearly 70 years later, eulogists for Pope John Paul II emphasized repeatedly his influence on the Polish Solidarity movement in the 19803 and, by extension, the eventual collapse of Soviet authority in eastern Europe. Though the papacy did not have army divisions, it had real power of a different sort.This real power of a different sort is the subject of Joseph S. Nye, Jr.'s latest book, Soft Power. Nye, a political scientist, is dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. This is not his first exploration of the concept. He previously addressed it in the books Bound to Lead (1990) and The Paradox of American Power (2002), as well as several articles.The main purpose of Soft Power is to explain what soft power actually means. For Nye, the world is a game board with three levels. The first is that of military power, where the United States clearly predominates. The second is that of economic power, where the US is strong but so are China, Japan, and the European Union. The third is the realm of transnational issues, including terrorism, crime, disease, climate, and the like. In this area power is widely dispersed, and even nonstate actors have roles. Playing on the top two levels of the game board requires hard power. Playing on the third, where Nye now sees the real game, requires soft power.Believing commentators have misunderstood the term, Nye clarifies that soft power is about attracting others to your side by getting them to want the outcomes you want. He distinguishes this from hard power, which involves coercion or inducement, and from persuasion by argument. The key is attraction. Essential resources for soft power are those things that produce attraction, including a country's culture (both high and mass), its domestic political values and policies (when those values appear compatible), and its foreign policies (when those are seen as legitimate). Countries or nonstate actors can acquire soft power and then use it to assemble supporters. Nye admits that its use may not yield short-term results. Yet in an era of instantaneous communications and the potential access of terrorists to weapons of mass destruction, however, Nye believes that soft power is indispensable for the preservation of US values. …

The Means to Success in World Politics

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Non State Actors And Authority In The Global System

This introductory contribution examines the ‘Global South’ as a meta category in the study of world politics. Against the backdrop of a steep rise in references to the ‘Global South’ across academi...

The ‘Global South’ in the study of world politics: examining a meta category

Interpretations about Turkey’s strategic orientations in the post-Cold War had sim- plified the divide between the Western, and non-western orientations. The prob- lematic relations with the European Union, the increasing discussions about the role of Turkey in the Syrian crisis, and the increasing rapprochement with the Rus- sian Federation are lively examples of the tangled options of Ankara’s foreign policy. Despite that, there is an proliferating literature about the growing role of Turkey in the Global South, especially related to the expansion of diplomatic networks, for- eign aid, humanitarian assistance and quasi-interregional cooperation. This paper will address the southern dimension of the Turkish foreign policy by identifying the main international and domestic variables that have pushed for further activism in the Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. The main argument is that the political and economic emergence of the non-western world, next to the narrative promoted by the ruling JDP elite - especially connected to the quest for a global engagement and partially related to the identity nexus – helped to expand this strategic perspec- tive formulated in the late 1990s.

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Although research has examined the Turkish agenda for Africa since 2002, few studies have considered Turkey's uniqueness compared to other extra-regional actors. This study is an attempt to analyze...

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In 2015, the Prime Minister Matteo Renzi launched a new Italian agenda for Africa. Until then Italian involvement in African affairs had been almost exclusively restricted to multilateral initiativ...

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This study investigates the nexus between the mass movement of people and security and foreign policy behaviors. The assertion is that refugee flows intensify security issues among decision makers and members of society; consequently, new fears and wider perceptions of threats have several implications for foreign policy agenda. The article focuses on the theoretical analysis of the securitization of migration and its impact on foreign policy and security policy. It also analyzes, from a security perspective, the effect on Turkey of the refugees who arrived en masse from Syria during the past six years. The article concludes with an analysis of the social, economic, security, and foreign policy effects the refugees have had on Turkey.

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Federico Donelli

Papers

Becoming Global Actor: the Turkish agenda for the Global South

The Ankara consensus: the significance of Turkey's engagement in sub-Saharan Africa

Asymmetric alliances and high polarity: evaluating regional security complexes in the Middle East and Horn of Africa

Reasserting (middle) power by looking southwards: Italy’s policy towards Africa

Syrian Refugees in Turkey: A Security Perspective