On the sustainability of lithium ion battery industry – A review and perspective

The world is shifting to electric vehicles to mitigate climate change. Here, we quantify the future demand for key battery materials, considering potential electric vehicle fleet and battery chemistry developments as well as second-use and recycling of electric vehicle batteries. We find that in a lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide dominated battery scenario, demand is estimated to increase by factors of 18–20 for lithium, 17–19 for cobalt, 28–31 for nickel, and 15–20 for most other materials from 2020 to 2050, requiring a drastic expansion of lithium, cobalt, and nickel supply chains and likely additional resource discovery. However, uncertainties are large. Key factors are the development of the electric vehicles fleet and battery capacity requirements per vehicle. If other battery chemistries were used at large scale, e.g. lithium iron phosphate or novel lithium-sulphur or lithium-air batteries, the demand for cobalt and nickel would be substantially smaller. Closed-loop recycling plays a minor, but increasingly important role for reducing primary material demand until 2050, however, advances in recycling are necessary to economically recover battery-grade materials from end-of-life batteries. Second-use of electric vehicles batteries further delays recycling potentials.

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Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries

Recent advances in magnesium/lithium separation and lithium extraction technologies from salt lake brine

A review on lithium recovery using electrochemical capturing systems

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVEnergy FocusNEXTLithium-Ion Battery Recycling─Overview of Techniques and TrendsZachary J. Baum*Zachary J. BaumCAS, a Division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United States*Email: [email protected]More by Zachary J. Baumhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0585-8503, Robert E. BirdRobert E. BirdCAS, a Division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United StatesMore by Robert E. Birdhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6965-975X, Xiang YuXiang YuCAS, a Division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United StatesMore by Xiang Yu, and Jia MaJia MaCAS, a Division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United StatesMore by Jia MaCite this: ACS Energy Lett. 2022, 7, 2, 712–719Publication Date (Web):January 19, 2022Publication History Received30 November 2021Accepted7 January 2022Published online19 January 2022Published inissue 11 February 2022https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02602Copyright © Published 2022 by American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views3461Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Energy,Batteries,Metals,Recycling,Materials Get e-Alerts 

Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling─Overview of Techniques and Trends

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely employed in portable electric devices, electric vehicles (EVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), indicating a potential increasing demand fo...

Review of Lithium Production and Recovery from Minerals, Brines, and Lithium-Ion Batteries

Selective recovery of valuable metals from industrial waste lithium-ion batteries using citric acid under reductive conditions: Leaching optimization and kinetic analysis

Fei Meng

Papers

Review of Lithium Production and Recovery from Minerals, Brines, and Lithium-Ion Batteries

Selective recovery of valuable metals from industrial waste lithium-ion batteries using citric acid under reductive conditions: Leaching optimization and kinetic analysis