In recent years, the range of sensing technologies has expanded rapidly, whereas sensor devices have become cheaper. This has led to a rapid expansion in condition monitoring of systems, structures, vehicles, and machinery using sensors. Key factors are the recent advances in networking technologies such as wireless communication and mobile ad hoc networking coupled with the technology to integrate devices. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used for monitoring the railway infrastructure such as bridges, rail tracks, track beds, and track equipment along with vehicle health monitoring such as chassis, bogies, wheels, and wagons. Condition monitoring reduces human inspection requirements through automated monitoring, reduces maintenance through detecting faults before they escalate, and improves safety and reliability. This is vital for the development, upgrading, and expansion of railway networks. This paper surveys these wireless sensors network technology for monitoring in the railway industry for analyzing systems, structures, vehicles, and machinery. This paper focuses on practical engineering solutions, principally, which sensor devices are used and what they are used for; and the identification of sensor configurations and network topologies. It identifies their respective motivations and distinguishes their advantages and disadvantages in a comparative review.

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Wireless Sensor Networks for Condition Monitoring in the Railway Industry: A Survey

The problem of how to accurately measure the flowrate of oil–gas–water mixtures in a pipeline remains one of the key challenges in the petroleum industry. This paper discusses why three-phase flow measurement is still important and why it remains a difficult problem to solve. The measurement strategies and principal base technologies currently used by commercial manufacturers are described, and research developments that could influence future flowmeter design are considered. Finally, future issues, which will need to be addressed by manufacturers and users of three-phase flowmeters, are discussed.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/24/1/012003/pdf

Three-phase flow measurement in the petroleum industry

https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/246007/Coriolis-draft-paper-V8.1-FMI-Larger-Fonts.pdf?sequence=1

Coriolis flowmeters: a review of developments over the past 20 years, and an assessment of the state of the art and likely future directions

https://research.tees.ac.uk/ws/files/9903105/Application_of_soft_computing_techniques_to_multiphase_flow_measurement.pdf

Application of soft computing techniques to multiphase flow measurement: A review

This paper develops a new approach for fault detection and diagnosis utilising parameters collected from low-cost and accessible sensors. An electrical railway point machine within a railway junction is used as a case study. The paper shows that electrical active power collected from electrical current and electrical voltage sensors can be used for condition monitoring systems. The methodology proposed in this paper utilises Wavelet Transforms and Support Vector Machines. It was found that together these methods can detect and diagnose misalignment faults of electrical railway point machine to a high degree of accuracy. Furthermore, it was proved that the approach can provide an indication of the severity of the faults. This work was carried out in collaboration between the University of Birmingham and Central Japan Railway Company.

An algorithm for improved performance of railway condition monitoring equipment: Alternating-current point machine case study

Two-phase flow metering of heavy oil using a Coriolis mass flow meter: A case study

Coriolis mass flow metering for three-phase flow: A case study

High precision Coriolis mass flow measurement applied to small volume proving

This paper presents the research work carried out at Oxford University on condition monitoring of railway point machines. The developed condition monitoring system includes a variety of sensors for acquiring trackside data related to different parameters. Key events to be logged include time stamping of points operation, opening and closing of case cover associated with a points machine, insertion and removal of a hand-crank, loss of supply current and the passage of a train. The system also has built-in Web functions. This allows a remote operator using Internet Explorer to observe the condition of the point machine at any time, while the acquired data can be downloaded automatically for offline analysis, providing more detailed information on the health condition of the monitored point machine. A short daily condition report message can also be sent to relevant staff via email. Finally, experience is reported on the four trackside installed systems.

Feibiao Zhou

Papers

Two-phase flow metering of heavy oil using a Coriolis mass flow meter: A case study

Coriolis mass flow metering for three-phase flow: A case study

High precision Coriolis mass flow measurement applied to small volume proving

Remote condition monitoring for railway point machine

Fast Coriolis mass flow metering for monitoring diesel fuel injection