Battery energy storage systems have gained increasing interest for serving grid support in various application tasks. In particular, systems based on lithium-ion batteries have evolved rapidly with a wide range of cell technologies and system architectures available on the market. On the application side, different tasks for storage deployment demand distinct properties of the storage system. This review aims to serve as a guideline for best choice of battery technology, system design and operation for lithium-ion based storage systems to match a specific system application. Starting with an overview to lithium-ion battery technologies and their characteristics with respect to performance and aging, the storage system design is analyzed in detail based on an evaluation of real-world projects. Typical storage system applications are grouped and classified with respect to the challenges posed to the battery system. Publicly available modeling tools for technical and economic analysis are presented. A brief analysis of optimization approaches aims to point out challenges and potential solution techniques for system sizing, positioning and dispatch operation. For all areas reviewed herein, expected improvements and possible future developments are highlighted. In order to extract the full potential of stationary battery storage systems and to enable increased profitability of systems, future research should aim to a holistic system level approach combining not only performance tuning on a battery cell level and careful analysis of the application requirements, but also consider a proper selection of storage sub-components as well as an optimized system operation strategy.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/12/2107/pdf

Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid—A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids

https://escholarship.org/content/qt5dk0b8t5/qt5dk0b8t5.pdf?t=q9piey

History and trends in solar irradiance and PV power forecasting: A preliminary assessment and review using text mining

Because of their characteristics, which have been continuously improved during the last years, Lithium-ion batteries have been proposed as an alternative viable solution to present fast-reacting conventional generating units to deliver the primary frequency regulation service. However, even though there are worldwide demonstration projects, where energy storage systems based on Lithium-ion batteries are evaluated for such applications, the field experience is still very limited. In consequence, at present, there are no very clear requirements on how the Lithium-ion battery energy storage systems should be operated, while providing frequency regulation service and how the system has to reestablish its state of charge (SOC) once the frequency event has passed. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the effect on the lifetime of the Lithium-ion batteries energy storage system of various strategies for reestablishing the batteries’ SOC after the primary frequency regulation is successfully delivered.

Operation of a Grid-Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage System for Primary Frequency Regulation: A Battery Lifetime Perspective

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000071541/4225811

Assessment of rooftop photovoltaic potentials at the urban level using publicly available geodata and image recognition techniques

Battery energy storage system for primary control reserve and energy arbitrage

An increasing number of energy storages will be installed in buildings with photovoltaic systems. However, batteries with only local operation tasks do not exhaust their technical potential. Using the available battery capacity in terms of power and energy to provide ancillary system services is therefore economically reasonable. Providing primary control reserve power in combination with increasing local self-sufficiency has been identified as a promising option for decentralised PV battery systems. Thereby, part of the battery capacity is used to provide grid services and the remaining part for the management and optimisation of local system operation. Provision of self-sufficiency increase is limited, when the battery's state of charge is within certain limits. In this study, it is shown that the simultaneous use of the battery to locally increase self-sufficiency reduces the need for external power sources to correct the storage level. The operational concept, the technical solutions, and a sensitivity analysis are presented. Furthermore, billing and measuring issues as well as the current regulatory framework conditions in Germany are discussed.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-rpg.2015.0147

Distributed solar battery systems providing primary control reserve

Projection of power generation between differently-oriented PV systems

With the steady growth of the photovoltaic market over the last decade, the feed-in of photovoltaic-generators may strain the electricity grid, especially in rural areas. Storage devices are expected to smooth over the non-simultaneous production of volatile renewable energies and their consumption. In this paper, we investigate to what extent domestic photovoltaic-battery systems can compensate the capping of the feed-in power by buffering the peak energy. The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) in Freiburg, Germany, has developed a novel forecast-based control scheme for photovoltaic-battery systems. It estimates the photovoltaic excess energy and derives a charging schedule for the battery to store the energy from the photovoltaic peak-production. The maximal self-consumption of the locally produced renewable energy is thereby not affected. We show that the maximal photovoltaic feed-in power can be reduced from 70 % to 60 % of the nominal photovoltaic power without losses.

Peak shaving with photovoltaic-battery systems

Compared to refueling gasoline powered vehicles, the charging of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) takes considerably more time which renders a single-purpose charging infrastructure inconvenient. More likely, the charging stations will be integrated into the parking infrastructure (parking decks, public, private and commercial parking sites). On average the duration of the parking will be longer than the duration of the charging process which creates a potential for load shifting. In turn this implies that the rated power of large charging infrastructures can be chosen to be smaller than the sum of rated powers of all charging points, provided that the load shifting potential can be activated. In this paper a complete description of the problem at hand is given in terms of a mixed integer linear program which can readily be integrated into the operation management of charging infrastructures. It allows to coordinate the charging processes of multiple BEVs to fully exploit the load shifting potential while taking into account the limitations of the distribution grid, the charging infrastructure, and the BEVs. In addition to ensuring the safety of the operation, the objective of the optimization can be adapted to set use-case specific incentives.

Coordinated charge management for battery electric vehicles

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6661631/6661632/06661663.pdf

Felix Braam

Papers

Distributed solar battery systems providing primary control reserve

Projection of power generation between differently-oriented PV systems

Peak shaving with photovoltaic-battery systems

Coordinated charge management for battery electric vehicles

Grid-Oriented Operation of Photovoltaic-Battery Systems