An introduction to heat transfer

A significant portion of the total primary energy is consumed by today's buildings in developed countries In many of these buildings, the energy consumption can be significantly reduced by adopting energy efficiency strategies Due to environmental concerns and the high cost of energy in recent years there has been a renewed interest in building energy efficiency This article strives to make an exhaustive technical review of the building envelope components and respective improvements from an energy efficiency perspective Different types of energy efficient walls such as Trombe walls, ventilated walls, and glazed walls are discussed Performance of different fenestration technologies including aerogel, vacuum glazing and frames are presented Advances in energy efficient roofs including the contemporary green roofs, photovoltaic roofs, radiant-transmittive barrier and evaporative roof cooling systems are discussed Various types of thermal insulation materials are enumerated along with selection criteria of these materials The effects of thermal mass and phase change material on building cooling/heating loads and peak loads are discussed Application of thermal mass as an energy saving method is more effective in places where the outside ambient air temperature differences between the days and nights are high Air tightness and infiltration of building envelopes are discussed as they play a crucial role in the energy consumption of a building Energy efficiency approaches sometimes might not require additional capital investment For example, a holistic energy efficient building design approach can reduce the size of mechanical systems compensating the additional cost of energy efficiency features

Passive building energy savings: A review of building envelope components

Biodeterioration of stone: a review

The present overview on salt-induced deterioration of inorganic porous materials focuses on those topics considered the most relevant for understanding this phenomenon. These are movement of both water/moisture and salts within the pore system; influence of the presence of salts in moisture absorption; effect of the simultaneous presence of more than one salt; salt distribution in masonry; deterioration mechanisms; and weathering patterns. Of the latter, the most ubiquitous are powdering and scaling, and they have been found to occur on most stone types. However, the mechanism that induces the same outward appearance on different stones can vary significantly depending on the synergism that develops among porous material, salt, and moisture.

Salts in the deterioration of porous materials: an overview

High-performance concretes are made with carefully selected high-quality ingredients and optimized mixture designs; these are batched, mixed, placed, compacted and cured to the highest industry standards. Typically, such concretes will have a low water-cementing materials ratio of 0.20 to 0.45. Plasticizers are usually used to make these concretes fluid and workable. High-performance concrete almost always has a higher strength than normal concrete. However, strength is not always the primary required property. For example, a normal strength concrete with very high durability and very low permeability is considered to have highperformance properties. Bickley and Fung (2001) demonstrated that 40 MPa (6,000 psi) highperformance concrete for bridges could be economically made while Fig. 17-1. High-performance concrete is often used in bridges (left) and tall buildings (right). (70017, 70023) High-performance concrete (HPC) exceeds the properties and constructability of normal concrete. Normal and special materials are used to make these specially designed concretes that must meet a combination of performance requirements. Special mixing, placing, and curing practices may be needed to produce and handle high-performance concrete. Extensive performance tests are usually required to demonstrate compliance with specific project needs (ASCE 1993, Russell 1999, and Bickley and Mitchell 2001). High-performance concrete has been primarily used in tunnels, bridges, and tall buildings for its strength, durability, and high modulus of elasticity (Fig. 17-1). It has also been used in shotcrete repair, poles, parking garages, and agricultural applications. High-performance concrete characteristics are developed for particular applications and environments; some of the properties that may be required include:

High performance concrete

Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone

https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/11387/3/paulina%20faria-rodrigues_lime%20mortars_CulturalHeritage2008.pdf

Fernando M.A. Henriques

Papers

Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone

Comparative evaluation of lime mortars for architectural conservation

Combined effect of superplasticizer, silica fume and temperature in the performance of natural hydraulic lime grouts

Preventive conservation of historic buildings in temperate climates. The importance of a risk-based analysis on the decision-making process

Natural hydraulic lime based grouts – The selection of grout injection parameters for masonry consolidation