1.. HARD CASES 5. Legal Rights A. Legislation . . . We might therefore do well to consider how a philosophical judge might develop, in appropriate cases, theories of what legislative purpose and legal principles require. We shall find that he would construct these theories in the same manner as a philosophical referee would construct the character of a game. I have invented, for this purpose, a lawyer of superhuman skill, learning, patience and acumen, whom I shall call Hercules. I suppose that Hercules is a judge in some representative American jurisdiction. I assume that he accepts the main uncontroversial constitutive and regulative rules of the law in his jurisdiction. He accepts, that is, that statutes have the general power to create and extinguish legal rights, and that judges have the general duty to follow earlier decisions of their court or higher courts whose rationale, as l

Taking Rights Seriously

1. Intersections between trade and non-communicable disease 2. Normative integration: using health instruments in interpretation of the WTO covered agreements 3. Freedom to use taxes, subsidies and restrictions on marketing 4. Necessity and regulatory autonomy under the GATT 5. Product regulation and labeling measures under the SPS and TBT agreements 6. Reallocating authority at the international level: delegation, legalisation and harmonisation 7. Conclusion.

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Trade and Public Health: The WTO, Tobacco, Alcohol, and Diet

The ESIL Conference at which this article was originally presented as the Keynote Speech was devoted to the topic of " International Law in a Heterogeneous World " . The article attempts to demonstrate that heterogeneity does not exclude the universality of international law, as long as the law retains - and further develops - its capacity to accommodate an ever larger measure of such heterogeneity. After developing three different conceptions, or levels, of what the term ' universality ' of international law is intended to capture, the article focuses on international rules, (particularly judicial) mechanisms, and international institutions which serve the purpose of reconciling heterogeneous values and expectations by means of international law. The article links a critical evaluation of these ways and means with the dif- ferent notions of universality by inquiring how they cope with the principal challenges faced by these notions. In so doing, it engages a number of topics which have become immensely popular in contemporary international legal writing, here conceived as challenges to univer- sality: the so-called ' fragmentation ' of international law; in close connection with this fi rst buzzword the challenges posed by what is called the ' proliferation ' of international courts and tribunals; and, fi nally, certain recent problems faced by individuals who fi nd themselves at the fault lines of emerging multi-level international governance. The article concludes that these challenges have not prevented international law from forming a (by and large coher- ent) legal system. Most concerns about the dangers of fragmentation appear overstated. As for the ' proliferation ' of international judicial institutions, the debate on fragmentation has made international judges even more aware of the responsibility they bear for a coherent con- struction of international law. They have managed to develop a set of tools for coping with the * Judge at the International Court of Justice. This article was originally presented as the Keynote Speech at

Universality of International Law from the Perspective of a Practitioner

Partant de l’intuition que la notion d’Etat en droit international et en droit europeen fait apparaitre des elements tellement epars et desordonnes, on a pu demontrer que cette intuition de depart se reflete tres bien dans la realite. En effet, d’une branche a l’autre, on se rend compte que les ordres juridiques etudies offrent une vision polymorphe de la notion d’Etat, sous la forme d’« une figure a geometrie variable ». En explorant les regles d’imputation, les regles de rattachement et les regles d’expression de la volonte de l’Etat, force est de constater que la notion d’Etat peut etre apprehendee du point de vue organique, du point de vue materiel et du point de vue factuel. Au-dela de cette variabilite, il convient de rechercher l’unite fonctionnelle de la notion d’Etat. On en vient, des lors, a la conclusion selon laquelle : la fonction singuliere de la notion d’Etat est sa propension a etre un outil au service des necessites systemiques de l’ordre juridique international et europeen. La notion d’Etat est en effet mobilisee pour servir un objectif particulier, ce qui rend concevable sa geometrie variable. Ainsi, notre these s’evertue a faire ressortir l’unite dans la variabilite. Elle comporte toutefois en filigrane une proposition theorique, celle de « l’Etat fonctionnel ». Par « Etat fonctionnel », nous entendons toute entite qui n’est pas statutairement un Etat, mais qui neanmoins exerce pleinement et entierement des fonctions de nature etatique, et ceci de facon autonome. On vise par-la certaines entites federees (comme celles de la Belgique et le Quebec) et certaines entites secessionnistes ((comme la RTCN) ou des groupes terroriste (comme l’Etat islamique). La theorie de « l’Etat fonctionnel » ne va pas jusqu’a postuler la reconnaissance de la qualite d’Etat a ces entites, mais seulement de les considerer comme tel, de facon ponctuelle, afin de permettre une application effective et efficace de la norme internationale et/ou europeenne.

https://corpus.ulaval.ca/jspui/bitstream/20.500.11794/28108/1/33726.pdf

Notion d'Etat en droit international et en droit européen : de l'impossible approche conceptuelle à la nécessaire approche fonctionnelle

The comment focuses on the construction of time in the normative regime of occupation Beginning (in section 2) with a critique of the ICJ's reading of Article 6 of the Fourth Geneva Convention concerning the scope of applicability ratione temporis of the Convention in cases where the duration of an occupation lasts longer than one year, the comment proceeds (in section 3) to argue (a) that the gap between the working assumption informing Article 6 (of relatively short-term occupations) and reality (of prolonged occupations) defines a problem which the Court erroneously construed as a solution; (b) that the problem of prolonged occupation has allowed for the substitution of an indefinite for a temporary duration of an occupation a move which defies the basic tenets of the normative regime of occupation; and (c) that a proper solution involves the construction of the notion of "reasonable time" into the Fourth Geneva Convention The comment includes (in section 4) a proposal designed to minimize the temporary/indefinite blurring of boundaries in situations where an occupation has not ended within one year

'A la Recherche Du Temps Perdu': Rethinking Article 6 of the Fourth Geneva Convention in the Light of the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory Advisory Opinion

1. Introduction , Matej Avbelj, Filippo Fontanelli and Giuseppe Martinico Part 1: Kadi II of the Court of Justice of the EU: An Introduction 2. Kadieu: Connecting the Dots, Filippo Fontanelli 3. Playing Chinese Whispers: the Kadi II Decision of The General Court of the European Union, Antonella Angelini 4. Thou Shalt only Partly Judge! Jurisdictional Review in the Opinion of the Intervening States in Kadi II, Paolo Busco Part 2: The Legal Theory Perspective 5. The Case of Mr Kadi and the Modern Concept of Law, Matej Avbelj 6. Kadi in Sight of Autopoiesis, Jennifer Hendry 7. The Intractably Unknowable Nature of Law: Kadi, Kafka and the Law's Competing Claims to Authority, Luke Mason Part 3: The Public International Law Perspective 8. The Kadi II Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union: Implications for Judicial Review of UN Security Council Resolutions, Arman Sarvarian 9. Kadi II: Backtracking from Kadi I?, Nikos Lavranos & Mihail Vatsov 10. The Solange Argument as a Justification for Disobeying the Security Council in the Kadi Judgments, Antonios Tzanakopoulos 11. Global Counter-Terrorism Sanctions and European Due Process Rules: The Dialogue Between the CJEU and the ECtHR, Federico Fabbrini & Joris Larik Part 4: The Constitutional Law Perspective 12. The Autonomy of EU Law: A Joint Kadi II - Van Gend en Loos Celebration, Giuseppe Martinico 13. Constitutional Dimensions of Administrative Cooperation: Potentials for Reorientation in Kadi II, Nele Yang 14. Multilevel Judicial Protection of 'Access to Justice' and the EU's Duty to Contribute 'To the Strict Observance and Development of International Law', Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann

Kadi on Trial

After the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the European Union’s Charter of Fundamental Rights has found a place among the formal sources of EU law, and has become a standard of review for the validity of EU acts. This article aims to analyze whether this momentous change is reflected in the judgments of the Court of Justice, and more precisely how the Luxembourg judges are dealing with this source. From an analysis of the cases, it emerges that there still are some uncertain issues, such as the extent of the competences of the EU, the paradigmatic function of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the possibility to bypass the limits of the European Convention’s direct effect through the application of the Charter’s equivalent rights.

The European Union’s Charter of Fundamental Rights Two Years Later

On April 15, 2008, for the first time in its history, the Italian Constitutional Court (ICC) accepted to raise a preliminary question to the European Court of justice (ECJ). This decision (order no. 103/2008) represents a turning point in the ICC's case law. The aim of this paper is to provide a well-considered analysis of this order by exploring two themes: i) the developments of the ICC's case-law as regards the role of EC Law and of the ECJ, and ii) the potential reading of the judicial relationship between the ICC and the ECJ in the light of the notion of "interpretive competition."

Cooperative antagonists - The Italian Constitutional Court and the preliminary reference: are we dealing with a turning point?

This paper was written by several authors, including individuals who are not affiliated with the European Federation for Investment Law and Arbitration (efila). Its original purpose was to provide a reasoned commentary to the proposal, advanced by the European Union (eu), to include in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (ttip) a new system of investor-state dispute settlement based on permanent courts instead of arbitration (the investment court system or ics). This study was first presented at the efila conference in February 2016 and was subsequently updated to reflect the more recent developments, namely the inclusion in the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (ceta) and the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement of a system that follows closely the eu’s proposal for ttip. The aim has been to ensure that the different perspectives and expertise of the contributing authors are reflected in the analysis. The main aim of the report is to present an in-depth analysis of the ics in the context of the existing investment regime, as well as comparing it with the dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization.

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Lights and Shadows of the WTO-Inspired International Court System of Investor-State Dispute Settlement

In this work, Filippo Fontanelli analyses the notions of jurisdiction and admissibility in investment arbitration. The first part takes stock of the arbitration practice. The second part interrogates these notions within the wider theory of international law and reveals the effects of their inherent fuzziness on the work of investment tribunals.

Filippo Fontanelli

Papers

Kadi on Trial

The European Union’s Charter of Fundamental Rights Two Years Later

Cooperative antagonists - The Italian Constitutional Court and the preliminary reference: are we dealing with a turning point?

Lights and Shadows of the WTO-Inspired International Court System of Investor-State Dispute Settlement

Jurisdiction and Admissibility in Investment Arbitration