The ﬁeld of neurofeedback training has largely proceeded without validation. Here we review our studies directed at validating SMR, beta and alpha–theta protocols for improving attention, memory, mood and music and dance performance in healthy participants. Important beneﬁts were demonstrable with cognitive and neurophysiological measures which were predicted on the basis of regression models of learning. These are initial steps in providing a much needed scientiﬁc basis to neurofeedback, but much remains to be done.

/pdf/validating-the-efficacy-of-neurofeedback-for-optimising-3lcg8klpuw.pdf

Validating the efficacy of neurofeedback for optimising performance

I THIS review, which will discuss select¬ ed papers published between mid-1967 and mid-1968, only the area of visual physiology will be covered. Although the title of this paper, by tradition, also includes optics, the number of publications in these two fields necessitates some degree of selectivity in order to keep within the confines of space as requested by the editors. The interests of the reviewer will often be evident in the selection of papers, and omission of certain publications is, in most cases, not a re¬ flection on their quality but rather an at¬ tempt to keep the review within certain boundaries. The general outline of topics to be discussed will be the same as last year and is as follows: Electrophysiology Early receptor potential Electroretinography and electrooculography Visually evoked response Visual physiology Retina and optic nerve Higher visual pathways

https://jamanetwork.com/HttpHandlers/ArticlePdfHandler.ashx?journal=ophth&articleId=629972&pdfFileName=archopht_84_2_025.pdf

Optics and Visual Physiology

A new method has been used to obtain human sensory evoked-responses whose time-domain waveforms have been undetectable by previous methods. These newly discovered evoked-responses have durations that exceed the time between the stimuli in a continuous stream, thus causing an overlap which, up to now, has prevented their detection. We have named them "A-waves", and added a prefix to show the sensory system from which the responses were obtained (visA-waves, audA-waves, somA-waves). When A-waves were studied as a function of stimulus repetition-rate, it was found that there were systematic differences in waveshape at repetition-rates above and below the psychophysical region in which the sensation of individual stimuli fuse into a continuity. The fusion phenomena is sometimes measured by a "Critical Fusion Frequency", but for this research we can only identify a frequency-region [which we call the STZ (Sensation-Transition Zone)]. Thus, the A-waves above the STZ differed from those below the STZ, as did the sensations. Study of the psychophysical differences in auditory and visual stimuli, as shown in this paper, suggest that different stimulus features are detected, and remembered, at stimulation rates above and below STZ. The results motivate us to speculate that: 1) Stimulus repetition-rates above the STZ generate waveforms which underlie "fusion-memory" whereas rates below the STZ show neuronal processing in which "flash-memory" occurs. 2) These two memories differ in both duration and mechanism, though they may occur in the same cell groups. 3) The differences in neuronal processing may be related to "figure" and "ground" differentiation. We conclude that A-waves provide a novel measure of neural processes that can be detected on the human scalp, and speculate that they may extend clinical applications of evoked response recordings. If A-waves also occur in animals, it is likely that A-waves will provide new methods for comparison of activity of neuronal populations and single cells.

/pdf/human-sensory-evoked-responses-differ-coincident-with-either-4ygwrmodbv.pdf

Human sensory-evoked responses differ coincident with either "fusion-memory" or "flash-memory", as shown by stimulus repetition-rate effects

Zwar bleibt die elektrische Defibrillation die Methode der Wahl bei Kammerflimmern, jedoch konnen multiple Defibrillationsversuche zu einer Myokardschadigung und somit zu einer Verschlechterung der Uberlebensaussichten des Patienten fuhren. Die Messung des koronaren Perfusionsdrucks und der endexpiratorischen CO2-Konzentration sind in der praklinischen Reanimationssituation nicht geeignet, die Effektivitat der Defibrillation zu optimieren.Daher werden neue nichtinvasive Parameter gesucht,um den geeigneten Zeitpunkt zur Defibrillationzu finden. Die Signalanalyse des Oberflachen-EKG ermoglicht eine Bestimmung von Amplituden- und Frequenzparametern, deren Wertigkeit als Pradiktoren fur eine erfolgreiche Defibrillation in der vorliegenden Arbeit dargestellt wird.Somit konnten Defibrillatoren in Zukunft den optimalen Defibrillationszeitpunkt selbst steuern.

Fluehler H

Papers

Re-introduction of the direct Fourier transformation in EEG spectral analysis.