High temperatures and decreased rainfall are detrimental to yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), particularly during grain filling. This study aimed to (i) assess the individual and combined effects of drought and heat stress on biochemical seed-filling processes, (ii) determine genotypic differences in heat and drought tolerance, and (iii) determine any cross-tolerance. Plants were grown outdoors in the normal growing season when temperatures during seed filling were 32-20°C; heat stress). Half of the pots were kept adequately watered throughout, but water was withheld from the others from the initiation of seed filling until the relative leaf water content reached 50% of the irrigated plants (drought stress); all plants were rewatered thereafter until seed maturit. Water was withheld for 13 days (normal sowing) and 7 days (late sowing), so soil moisture decreased by 54-57%. Tests on leaves and seeds were performed after the stress. Individual and combined stress damaged membranes, and decreased cellular oxidising ability, stomatal conductance, PSII function and leaf chlorophyll content; damage was greater under combined stress. Leaf Rubisco activity increased with heat stress, decreased with drought stress and decreased severely with combined stress. Sucrose and starch concentrations decreased in all seeds through reductions in biosynthetic enzymes; reductions were greater under combined stress. These effects were more severe in heat- and drought-sensitive genotypes compared with drought-tolerant genotypes. Drought stress had a greater effect than heat stress on yield and the biochemical seed-filling mechanisms. Drought- and heat-tolerant genotypes showed partial cross-tolerance.

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Individual and combined effects of transient drought and heat stress on carbon assimilation and seed filling in chickpea.

Rising temperatures and drought stress limit the growth and production potential of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus), particularly during reproductive growth and seed filling. The present study aimed to (i) investigate the individual and combined effects of heat and drought stress during seed filling, (ii) determine the response of lentil genotypes with contrasting heat and drought sensitivity, and (iii) assess any cross tolerance in contrasting genotypes. For this purpose, eight lentil genotypes (two drought-tolerant, two drought-sensitive, two heat-tolerant, two heat-sensitive) were either sown at the normal time (second week of November 2014), when the temperatures at the time of seed filling were below 30/20°C (day/night), or sown late (second week of February 2015) to impose heat stress (temperatures > 30/20°C (day/night) during reproducive growth and seed filling. Half of the pots in each sowing environment were fully watered throughout (100% field capacity) while the others had water withheld (50% of field capacity) from the start of seed filling to maturity. Both heat and drought, individually or in combination, damaged cell membranes, photosynthetic traits and water relations; the effects were more severe with the combined stress. RuBisCo and stomatal conductance increased with heat stress but decreased with drought and the combined stress. Leaf and seed sucrose decreased with each stress in conjunction with its biosynthetic enzyme, while its (sucrose) hydrolysis increased under heat and drought stress, but was inhibited due to combination of stresses. Starch increased under heat stress in leaves but decreased in seeds, but drastically declined in seeds under drought alone or in combination with heat stress. At the same time, starch hydrolysis in leaves and seeds increased resulting in an accumulation of reducing sugars. Heat stress inhibited yield traits (seed number and seed weight per plant) more than drought stress, while drought stress reduced individual seed weights more than heat stress. The combined stress severely inhibited yield traits with less effect on the drought- and heat-tolerant genotypes. Drought stress inhibited the biochemical processes of seed filling more than heat stress, and the combined stress had a highly detrimental effect. A partial cross tolerance was noticed in drought and heat-tolerant lentil genotypes against the two stresses.

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Effects of Drought, Heat and Their Interaction on the Growth, Yield and Photosynthetic Function of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) Genotypes Varying in Heat and Drought Sensitivity.

Eight durum and ten hexaploid varieties were grown in two years. Yields under rainfed and irrigated conditions were used to assess resistance. Among durum wheats, DT367 and Cando had high yields under both environments. Lakota and Pelissier ranked better under rainfed than irrigated conditions, indicating adaptation to dry conditions. Among hexaploids, Echo, Amy and Pitic 62 had high, stable yields, while Canuck showed improved yield rank under rainfed conditions. No varietal differences were detected by measuring diffusive resistance (autoporometer) or leaf temperature (hand-held infrared thermometer screening method). However, there were differences in excised leaf water loss rate. Pelissier had the best water retention capacity. Progeny of Pelissier X Hercules showed retention capacities ranging between parental values. Visual rating of excised leaves identified lines with superior water retention capacities

Evaluation of techniques for screening for drought resistance in wheat.

Global climate change is identified as a major threat to survival of natural ecosystems. Climate change is a dynamic, multifaceted system of alterations in environmental conditions that affect abiotic and biotic components of the world. It results in alteration in environmental conditions such as heat waves, intensity of rainfall, CO2 concentration and temperature that lead to rise in new pests, weeds and pathogens. Climate change is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth and development worldwide. It impairs growth, disturbs photosynthesis, and reduces physiological responses in plants. The variations in global climate have gained the attention of researchers worldwide, as these changes negatively affect the agriculture by reducing crop productivity and food security. With this background, this review focuses on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature, drought and salinity on the morphology, physiology and biochemistry of plants. Furthermore, this paper outlines an overview on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and their impact on the biochemical and molecular status of plants with increased climatic variations. Also additionally, different tolerance strategies adopted by plants to combat environmental adversities have been discussed.

Climate change regulated abiotic stress mechanisms in plants: a comprehensive review

Drought is a polygenically controlled stress and a major agricultural risk that reduces crop productivity and limits the successful insight of land potential throughout the world. This review article has been divided into two parts, i.e., effect of drought stress on physiology of wheat and potential drought mitigation approaches. In the first part, physiological responses of wheat to stress were discussed. Cell membrane stability, relative water content, early maturity, decreased leaf area, small plant size, increased dry weight and root–shoot ratio, and the whole-plant transpiration rate response to enhanced atmospheric vapor pressure deficit are physiological traits associated with drought tolerance in wheat. Reduction of relative water content closes stomata and thereby reduces stomatal conductance. Osmotic adjustment improves drought tolerance by allowing cell enlargement, plant growth, and stomata to stay partially open and by maintaining CO2 fixation under severe water deficit. The wheat plant accumulates several organic and inorganic solutes in its cytosol to lessen its osmotic potential for maintenance of cell turgor. Drought affects photosynthesis negatively by changing the inner structure of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and chlorophyll content and minerals. Destruction of the photosystem II (PSII) oxygen releasing complex and reaction center can disturb production and use of electrons, causing lipid peroxidation of cell membrane through the production of reactive oxygen species. In the second part, drought mitigation approaches were discussed. Seed, drought, bacterial, and hormonal priming are common approaches used to lessen the effects of water deficit. Physiological trait-based breeding, molecular breeding, marker-assisted backcrossing, aerial phenotyping, water budgeting, and resource allocation are modern approaches used to develop drought tolerant wheat cultivars. Wheat genotypes produced as a result of a combination of all these methodologies will increase food security regarding the currently changing climate.

Physiological responses of wheat to drought stress and its mitigation approaches.

Tolerant and susceptible durum wheat varieties were grown in the 1 st and 2 nd settlement zone under rainfed conditions inDaraa province-Syria, In order to expose plants to different level of water regime, since the two zones differ in total amount of rainfall during the growing season. Plants were suffered from terminal drought stress in both zones, however, the drought was more sever in the 2 nd settlement zone. All measured parameters: chlorophyll content, MSI, RWC, Fv/Fm decreased significantly in the 2 nd compared to the 1 st zone at all growth stages, however more reduction was recorded in drought susceptible varieties. Yield all yield components also affected negatively and drought tolerant varieties have maintained good performance in the 2 nd zone. Our results proved that Chlorophyll content, MSI, RWC and Fv/Fm are good physiological indices of drought tolerance and can be used for improvement drought tolerance in wheat.

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Effect of Drought on Different Physiological Characters and Yield Component in Different Varieties of Syrian Durum Wheat

Water stress, which limits the distribution and productivity of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in the Mediterranean region, is also considered to be a major factor reducing yield in semiarid regions. Improving drought resistance is thus an important objective in plant breeding programs for rainfed agriculture. The current study was carried out to identify drought-tolerant durum wheat lines among 10 lines and one variety (Douma1, the control) in the first and second settlement zones in the Southern part of Syria and to recognize the most important physiological parameters associated with drought tolerance. Membrane stability index, chlorophyll (chl) content, relative water

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Evaluation of physiological traits, yield and yield components at two growth stages in 10 durum wheat lines grown under rainfed conditions in southern syria

Durum wheat is mostly grown under rainfed condition in the Mediterranean region and developing high-yielding wheat cultivars under drought conditions in arid and semi-arid regions is an important objective of wheat breeding programs in Syria. This study aimed at identifing some physiological characters associated with yield improvement in durum wheat grown under a rainfed condition. Thirteen drought tolerant and susceptible, representing old and modem durum wheat varieties were selected and used in this study. The increased yield and yield component was observed in new wheat varieties as compared with old one and were associated with genetic improvement in different physiological traits at vegetative and anthesis stage particularly relative water content, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence. Our obtained results showed the importance of physiological traits for development of high yielding wheat varieties and indicated that selection for physiological trait in breeding programs could be effective and contribute to yield improvements.

https://journals.ju.edu.jo/JJAS/article/download/3638/3020

Physiological Traits Associated with Yield Improvement under Rainfed Condition in New Wheat Varieties.

Wheat varieties differ significantly in yield potential and selecting the right variety for a particular zone is the most important step in growing a profitable wheat crop. The selection of a cultivar is principally an economic decision, where the producer must find a balance between risk and yield potential. Measurements of different physiological processes of plant response to drought is an important information on the reactions of the plant intended to remove or to reduce the harmful effects of water deficit and targeting of specific physiological characters that is associated with maintained better yield may be more effective than direct selection for yield. In this study high and low yielding durum wheat varieties were selected and grown under rain fed condition in the 1 st and 2 nd

Fouad Hareri

Papers

Effect of Drought on Different Physiological Characters and Yield Component in Different Varieties of Syrian Durum Wheat

Evaluation of physiological traits, yield and yield components at two growth stages in 10 durum wheat lines grown under rainfed conditions in southern syria

Physiological Traits Associated with Yield Improvement under Rainfed Condition in New Wheat Varieties.

Selectable physiological traits for yield improvement in durum wheat grown under water deficit condition