Compte tenu du progres effectue recemment dans le domaine de la desambiguisation du sens des mots, les As. font ici le point sur l'etat de la recherche dans ce domaine depuis ces 50 dernieres annees et considerent les prochaines etapes a franchir. Dans un 1 e r temps, ils passent en revue les principales approches de la desambiguisation du sens des mots : des premieres tentatives effectuees dans le cadre de la traduction automatique aux methodes actuelles basees sur les corpus, en passant par les methodes basees sur l'intelligence artificielle et les methodes utilisant des bases de connaissance. Dans un 2 n d temps, ils examinent les problemes laisses en suspens (le role du contexte, la division des sens, l'evaluation des resultats) et proposent quelques orientations pour la recherche future

Introduction to the special issue on word sense disambiguation: the state of the art

Language, the most commonplace of all human possessions, is possibly the most complex and the most interesting. Since it is an instrument for humans' communications with each other, the growth and development of their talents, causing creativity, innovation, and novelty, exchanging and transferring their experiences, and on the whole, for formation of society(s). Concern with language is not new. From the earliest recorded history, there is evidence that people investigated language. Many of the assumptions, theories and goals of modern linguistics find their origin in past centuries. However, this study aims to investigate whether there is any relationship between language and culture, and if so, what the relationship between language and culture is. To achieve the aims of this study, some of the main theories which can be related to the goal of the paper are introduced and explained. Then, it is followed by a precise discussion. The results of the article indicate that there is a very close relationship between language and culture. That is, culture has a direct effect on language. Language and culture are closely correlated.

Language and Culture

This article has the following two overarching aims First, it traces the development of multimodal discourse analysis and sets out its main descriptive and analytical parameters; in doing so, the article highlights the specific advantages which the multimodal approach has to offer and exemplifies its application The article also argues that the hierarchical arrangement of different semiotics (in the way common sense construes this) should not be lost from sight Second, and related to this last point, the article will advance a complementary perspective to that of multimodality: resemiotization Resemiotization is meant to provide the analytical means for (1) tracing how semiotics are translated from one into the other as social processes unfold, as well as for (2) asking why these semiotics (rather than others) are mobilized to do certain things at certain times The article draws on a variety of empirical data to exemplify these two perspectives on visual communication and analysis

Multimodality, resemiotization: extending the analysis of discourse as multi-semiotic practice

Preface Acknowledgements Part I. Preliminaries: 1. What is evolutionary phonology? 2. Evolution in language and elsewhere 3. Explanation in phonology: a brief history of ideas Part II. Sound Patterns: 4. Laryngeal features 5. Place features 6. Other common sound patterns 7. The evolution of geminates 8. Some uncommon sound patterns Part III. Implications: 9. Synchronic phonology 10. Diachronic phonology 11. Beyond phonology References Language index Subject index.

Evolutionary Phonology: The Emergence of Sound Patterns

Contributors. Introduction. Part I: Derivation Versus Representation:. 1. Explaining Morphosyntactic Competition: Joan Bresnan (Stanford University). 2. Economy Conditions in Syntax: Chris Collins (Cornell University). 3. Derivation and Representation in Modern Transformational Syntax: Howard Lasnik (University of Connecticut). 4. Relativized Minimality Effects: Luigi Rizzi (Universite de Geneve). Part II: Movement:. 5. Head Movement: Ian Roberts (University of Stuttgart). 6. Object Shift and Scrambling: Hoskuldur Thrainsson (University of Iceland). 7. Wh--in--situ Languages: Akira Watanabe (University of Tokyo). 8. A--Movements: Mark Baltin (New York University). Part III: Argument Structure and Phrase Structure:. 9. Thematic Relations in Syntax: Jeffrey S. Gruber (independent scholar). 10. Predication: John Bowers (Cornell University). 11. Case: Hiroyuki Ura. 12. Phrase Structure: Naoki Fukui (University of California). 13. The Natures of Nonconfigurationality: Mark C. Baker (McGill University). 14. What VP Ellipsis Can Do, and What it Can't, but not Why: Kyle Johnson (University of Massachusetts at Amherst). Part IV: Functional Projections:. 15. Agreement Projections: Adriana Belletti (Universita di Siena). 16. Sentential Negation: Raffaella Zanuttini (Georgetown University). 17. The DP Hypothesis: Identifying Clausal Properties in the Nominal Domain: Judy B. Bernstein (Syracuse University). 18. The Structure of DPs: Some Principles, Parameters and Problems: Giuseppe Longobardi (University of Trieste). Part V: Interface With Interpretation:. 19. The Syntax of Scope: Anna Szabolcsi (New York University). 20. Deconstructing Binding: Eric Reuland and Martin Everaert (both Utrecht Institute of Linguistics). 21. Syntactic Reconstruction Effects: Andrew Barss (University of Arizona). Part VI: External Evaluation of Syntax:. 22. Syntactic Change: Anthony S. Kroch (University of Pennsylvania). 23. Setting Syntactic Parameters: Janet Dean Fodor (City University of New York). Bibliography. Index.

The handbook of contemporary syntactic theory

Prolegomena to a Theory of Language

Prolegomena to a theory of language

Russian literature has always been inseparable from Russian history. D. S. Mirsky constantly keeps in mind the ever-colorful and ever-changing aspects of the one in discussing the other. Sound in judgment, luminescent, and exquisitely written, Mirsky's book is essential reading for anyone interested in one of the world's great literatures. "A History of Russian Literature" covers the beginning of Russian fiction, the Age of Classicism, the Age of Gogol, and the poets, journalists, novelists, and playwrights of the Age of Realism.

A history of Russian literature, from its beginnings to 1900

Resume of a theory of language

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Francis J. Whitfield

Papers

Prolegomena to a Theory of Language

Prolegomena to a theory of language

A history of Russian literature, from its beginnings to 1900

Resume of a theory of language

Calcium: Cell Cycle Driver, Differentiator and Killer