From a total of 40 characters that were previously used to differentiate species of staphylococci, 13 key characters were selected to make a simplified scheme that could be easily used by the routine clinical laboratory for identifying human staphylococci. These key characters included coagulase activity, hemolysis, nitrate reduction, and aerobic acid production from fructose, xylose, arabinose, ribose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, trehalose, mannitol, and xylitol. In the simplified scheme, 924 strains of staphylococci were placed into 11 positions, each of which contained the major portion (greater than or equal to 80%) of strains of one of the recognized species. Several positions contained a rare or few uncommon strains of one or more additional species and these could be resolved on the basis of other key characters.

Simplified scheme for routine identification of human Staphylococcus species.

The purpose of this review article on the lactic acid bacteria grew from an early curiosity and a desire to convey and impart the broad scope of literary information on their functions as starter cultures, in the manufacture of fermentation products such as dairy products and alcoholic beverages, as well as their contribution to better health. This review article is an attempt to empower the reader and to circumvent the difficult task in acquiring and elucidating a large body of information. The intent is to familiarize the reader with the various lactic species, their habitat or source, associated food, physiological characteristics, colonial morphology, biochemical characteristics, culture media (enrichment, nonselective, and selective), classic description, and taxonomy. This review provides information on Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Carnobacterium, and Enterococcus. Trends are presented, such as the use of nisin to extend food shelf-life and the current research premise that Probiotic strains may alter the intestinal flora and thus prevent intestinal wall penetration by pathogens.

The Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Literature Survey

Different types of studies have shown that Campylobacter pylori does not belong in the genus Campylobacter. Ribonucleic acid sequencing has indicated that C. pylori might belong in the genus Wolinella, but we describe five major groups of taxonomic features of the genus Wolinella that differ markedly from those of C. pylori, including ultrastructure and morphology, cellular fatty acids, menaquinones, growth characteristics, and enzyme capabilities, indicating that C. pylori should not be included in the genus Wolinella. Thus, we propose the establishment of a new genus, Helicobacter; C. pylori should be transferred to this genus as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov., and H. pylori NCTC 11637 (= ATCC 43504) is the type strain. The gastric spiral organism from ferrets has been elevated recently from Campylobacter pylori subsp. mustelae to Campylobacter mustelae. We describe the similarities and differences between C. mustelae and C. pylori compared with other campylobacters, and we propose that C. mustelae should be included in the new genus Helicobacter as Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov. (type strain, ATCC 43772).

/pdf/transfer-of-campylobacter-pylori-and-campylobacter-mustelae-9ow4856p2y.pdf

Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., Respectively

This paper reports our experience in monitoring gentamicin therapy during the treatment of 68 episodes of serious Gram-negative sepsis in 65 hospital patients. Most of the patients had major underlying disease. Of those who were adequately treated (peak serum concentrations of 5 μg/ml or more in 72 hours for septicaemia, urinary tract infection, and wound infection; and 8 μg/ml or more at some time during the course of treatment for pneumonia) 84% (46 out of 55) were cured. These serum concentrations could be achieved only by starting with a regimen of 5 mg/kg/day in three divided doses in all adult patients, subsequent dosage being determined by the results of rapid serum assay. The incidence of nephrotoxicity and symptomatic ototoxicity was no greater than in previous series. The main reason for assaying serum gentamicin is to ensure that an adequate dosage is achieved as soon as possible. In patients with impaired renal function or receiving prolonged high dosage assays also serve to guard against an excessive accumulation of gentamicin and an increased risk of toxicity.

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/1/5906/477.full.pdf

Experience in monitoring gentamicin therapy during treatment of serious gram-negative sepsis.

The development of the bacterial flora of neonates during the first week of life was studied in 23 babies. Specimens of meconium or faeces were collected and swabs taken from the umbilicus and mouth on days, 1, 2, 3 and 6. The bacteria present were isolated on a variety of plain and selective media. The predominant faecal organisms by the end of the first week were anaerobes. Bifidobacteria were isolated from all the neonates and bacteroides and clostridia were isolated from 78.3%. Bifidobacteria and bacteroides were present in large numbers; other species were isolated in smaller numbers. Enterococci were isolated from all neonates, enterobacteria from 82.6%, anaerobic cocci from 52.2%, and streptococci and staphylococci from 34.8% each. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant species isolated from the umbilicus; it was isolated from 21.7% of neonates on the first day rising to 87.0% by the sixth day and represented 49% of isolates from this site. S. albus, streptococci, enterococci and Escherichia coli were each isolated from a few neonates. Viridans streptococci (31.4% of isolates) and Streptococcus salivarius (25.1%) were the commonest species recovered from the mouth. They were present from 8 h after birth; S. albus and Neisseria spp. were isolated later on the first day, and anaerobic species of Veillonella and Bifidobacterium appeared on the second day.

The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates.

Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy - 1963.

No wonder you activities are, reading will be always needed. It is not only to fulfil the duties that you need to finish in deadline time. Reading will encourage your mind and thoughts. Of course, reading will greatly develop your experiences about everything. Reading bacterial episomes and plasmids is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages. The advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.

Francis O'Grady

Papers

Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy - 1963.

Bacterial Episomes and Plasmids

New and Nonofficial Drugs 1964