Facial-expression recognition: An emergent approach to the measurement of tourist satisfaction through emotions

Impact of visual information on online consumer review behavior: Evidence from a hotel booking website

Storytelling, the scale of persuasion and retention: A neuromarketing approach

Eye behaviour provides valuable information revealing one's higher cognitive functions and state of affect. Although eye tracking is gaining ground in the research community, it is not yet a popular approach for the detection of emotional and cognitive states. In this paper, we present a review of eye and pupil tracking related metrics (such as gaze, fixations, saccades, blinks, pupil size variation, etc.) utilized towards the detection of emotional and cognitive processes, focusing on visual attention, emotional arousal and cognitive workload. Besides, we investigate their involvement as well as the computational recognition methods employed for the reliable emotional and cognitive assessment. The publicly available datasets employed in relevant research efforts were collected and their specifications and other pertinent details are described. The multimodal approaches which combine eye-tracking features with other modalities (e.g. biosignals), along with artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques were also surveyed in terms of their recognition/classification accuracy. The limitations, current open research problems and prospective future research directions were discussed for the usage of eye-tracking as the primary sensor modality. This study aims to comprehensively present the most robust and significant eye/pupil metrics based on available literature towards the development of a robust emotional or cognitive computational model. 

https://zenodo.org/record/4740077/files/Review_of_eye_tracking_metrics_involved_in_emotional_and_cognitive_processes_pre_print_v3.pdf

Review of Eye Tracking Metrics Involved in Emotional and Cognitive Processes

• Examines the effectiveness of different types of celebrity endorsement. • Combines eye-tracking techniques with self-report method. • A source celebrity is more effective in eliciting tourist responses. • Examines a serial mediation model underlying the main effect. • Examines the moderating role of regulatory focus. Celebrity endorsement has become ubiquitous in international destination marketing, but studies have rarely assessed the differences between the effects of endorsement by a local celebrity vs. a celebrity from tourist source countries (source celebrity). To bridge the literature gap, this paper draws on meaning transfer theory and match-up hypothesis to examine the effectiveness of these two types of celebrity endorsement by exploring the underlying mechanism. By carrying out a pretest and three experiments, the eye-tracking results and lab experiments show that international destination marketing involving a source celebrity (vs. local celebrity) can significantly increase tourists’ visual attention to the advertising destination scenery, positive attitudes toward the destination and intentions to visit. Furthermore, a serial mediation model of celebrity endorsement → celebrity–tourist congruency → tourist attitude toward celebrity → tourist response is also identified. Finally, this paper empirically examines the moderating role of regulatory focus on the celebrity endorsement effect. 

Celebrity endorsement in international destination marketing: Evidence from eye-tracking techniques and laboratory experiments

Visual attention to the main image of a hotel website based on its position, type of navigation and belonging to Millennial generation: An eye tracking study

Francisco Espigares-Jurado

Papers

Visual attention to the main image of a hotel website based on its position, type of navigation and belonging to Millennial generation: An eye tracking study