This paper is a catalogue of all syntaxa from class to association ever described and recognized in Spain and Portugal (Iberian Peninsula, Balearic, Madeira, Azorean and Canary Islands), according with Braun-Blanquet approach (Braun-Blanquet 1964, Dierschke 1994) and the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (Weber, Moravec & Theurillat 2000). The literature contents near all the publications cited in this paper, particularly those of portuguese and spanish syntaxa authors. The "Syntaxonomical Checklist of Spain and Portugal", prepared during the last ten years as a bassis of the Luso-Hispaniae Prodromus of the Plant Communities (in progress), has been reciprocally utilized to carry out the "Syntaxonomical Project of European Community Countries" (Biondi, Gehu, Grabherr, Pott & Rivas-Martinez, in progress), to assist the European Vegetation Survey (Rodwell, Mucina, Pignatti, Schaminee & Chytrý 1997), and to develop the phytosociological knowledge in the interpretation and evaluation of European Habitat Directive for conservation and management purposes

Syntaxonomical checklist of vascular plant communities of Spain and Portugal to association level

Handbook of palynology

Electroencephalography (EEG) emerged in the second decade of the 20th century as a technique for recording the neurophysiological response. Since then, there has been little variation in the physical principles that sustain the signal acquisition probes, otherwise called electrodes. Currently, new advances in technology have brought new unexpected fields of applications apart from the clinical, for which new aspects such as usability and gel-free operation are first order priorities. Thanks to new advances in materials and integrated electronic systems technologies, a new generation of dry electrodes has been developed to fulfill the need. In this manuscript, we review current approaches to develop dry EEG electrodes for clinical and other applications, including information about measurement methods and evaluation reports. We conclude that, although a broad and non-homogeneous diversity of approaches has been evaluated without a consensus in procedures and methodology, their performances are not far from those obtained with wet electrodes, which are considered the gold standard, thus enabling the former to be a useful tool in a variety of novel applications.

Dry EEG Electrodes

Neandertal extinction and the millennial scale climatic variability of OIS 3

Seed dispersal is a fundamental life history trait in plants. Although the recent surge of interest in seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory) has added greatly to knowledge on the ecology of seed dispersal and ant–plant mutualisms, myrmecochory also represents a unique opportunity to examine the links between seed dispersal and evolution in flowering plants. Here we review the taxonomic, phylogenetic and biogeographic distribution of myrmecochory in flowering plants. Myrmecochory is mediated by elaiosomes, i.e., lipid-rich seed appendages that attract ants and serve as rewards for dispersal. We surveyed the literature for evidence of elaiosomes in angiosperm plants to estimate the global prevalence of myrmecochory. We then searched the literature for phylogenetic reconstructions to identify myrmecochorous lineages and to estimate the minimum number of independent evolutionary origins of myrmecochory. We found that myrmecochory is present in at least 11 000 species or 4.5% of all species, in 334 genera or 2.5% of all genera and in 77 families or 17% of all families of angiosperm plants. We identified at least 101, but possibly up to 147, independent origins of myrmecochory. We estimated three or more origins in 13 families and found that at least half the genera are myrmecochorous in 10 families. Most myrmecochorous lineages were Australian, South African or northern temperate (Holarctic). A mapping of families containing myrmecochorous genera on a dated angiosperm supertree showed that myrmecochory has evolved in most of the major angiosperm lineages and that it is more frequent in younger families (crown group age

Convergent evolution of seed dispersal by ants, and phylogeny and biogeography in flowering plants: A global survey

Andalusia is a large territory of almost 90,000 km 2 in the south of Spain. The marked heterogeneity of its orographic, lithological and climatic features affords its plants and vegetation a high degree of biodiversity. A biogeographical classification for Andalusia is proposed, based on studies of the physical environment, bioclimatic and analysis of the endemic taxa, series and plant communities found in the territory.

http://atarazanas.sci.uma.es/docs/articulos/16718872.pdf

Biogeographical synthesis of Andalusia (southern Spain)

Arbutus unedo L. communities in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) were studied, highlighting the differences regarding their floristic composition, biological diversity and plant dynamics according to the dominant geological substratum. Firstly, this type of formation on the little-known decarbonated calcareous substrata was analysed using classification techniques. Later, they were compared to the remaining phytocoenoses in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula using an ordination analysis. As a result, a new suballiance is proposed together with two plant associations, which will enable us to characterize the strawberry tree groves growing on carbonated substrata and those already proposed for siliceous substrata are confirmed.

Arbutus unedo L. communities in southern Iberian Peninsula mountains

The endemic flora in the south of the Iberian Peninsula: taxonomic composition, biological spectrum, pollination, reproductive mode and dispersal

The Baetic range (SE Spain) constitutes an important centre of diversity and speciation in the Mediterranean Basin. However, numerous species are threatened by different human activities and by global climatic change. In this work, we provide data on the conservational state of orophilous plants of the Baetic range and propose priorities for their protection. For this, we analysed 82 threatened taxa and 17 mountain areas using correspondence analysis (CA) and complementarity analysis. Of the 2,197.5 km2 of high-mountain areas analysed, only 1,654.5 km2 are currently protected (75.3%). Of the 82 threatened species, 16 have no type of protection, eight are critically endangered and six are endangered (according to the categories of the UICN): Overgrazing and natural causes are the main factors threatening most of the species. The Sierra Nevada mountain (Granada and Almeria provinces) and Cazorla-Segura mountain (Jaen province) provide protection for 67.5% of the total number of threatened orophilou...

Estimation of threatened orophytic flora and priority of its conservation in the Baetic range (S. Spain)

Large areas of rather sandy dolomites are to be found in the Betic ranges. In these soils appears a very specialized xerophilous vegetation with a high percentage of endemic species. These communities, grouped into a particular order, Convolvuletalia boissieri, are fully reviewed here and consist of the fol lowing syntaxa:

Francisco Valle

Papers

Biogeographical synthesis of Andalusia (southern Spain)

Arbutus unedo L. communities in southern Iberian Peninsula mountains

The endemic flora in the south of the Iberian Peninsula: taxonomic composition, biological spectrum, pollination, reproductive mode and dispersal

Estimation of threatened orophytic flora and priority of its conservation in the Baetic range (S. Spain)

Dolomitic vegetation of South Spain