https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15516709cog1402_1

Finding Structure in Time

From the Publisher:
This book takes an empirical approach to language processing, based on applying statistical and other machine-learning algorithms to large corpora.Methodology boxes are included in each chapter. Each chapter is built around one or more worked examples to demonstrate the main idea of the chapter. Covers the fundamental algorithms of various fields, whether originally proposed for spoken or written language to demonstrate how the same algorithm can be used for speech recognition and word-sense disambiguation. Emphasis on web and other practical applications. Emphasis on scientific evaluation. Useful as a reference for professionals in any of the areas of speech and language processing.

/pdf/speech-and-language-processing-an-introduction-to-natural-atzaecqfem.pdf

Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition

A spreading activation theory of retrieval in sentence production

https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA157550.pdf

The TRACE model of speech perception.

This paper aims to foster discussion of the means by which bilinguals control their two language systems. It proposes an inhibitory control (IC) model that embodies the principle that there are multiple levels of control. In the model a language task schema (modulated by a higher level of control) “reactively” inhibits potential competitors for production at the lemma level by virtue of their language tags. The IC model is used to expand the explanation of the effect of category blocking in translation proposed by Kroll and Stewart (1994), and predictions of the model are tested against other data. Its relationship to other proposals and models is considered and future directions proposed.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1366728998000133

Mental Control of the Bilingual Lexico-Semantic System.

Neurolinguists, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person.

1. Bilingualism in the World The Extent of Bilingualism National Patterns of Bilingualism Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities The Origins of Bilingualism The Outcome of Bilingualism 2. Bilingualism in the United States Language Diversity and Bilingualism Aspects of the Life of Linguistic Minorities Bilingual Education Some Linguistic Minorities Language Maintenance and Language Shift 3. Bilingualism in Society Attitudes toward Language Groups and Languages Language Choice Code-Switching Bilingualism and Biculturalism 4. The Bilingual Child Becoming Bilingual The Acquisition of Two Languages Aspects of Bilingualism in the Child Education and the Bilingual Child The Effects of Bilingualism on the Child 5. The Bilingual Person Describing a Person's Bilingualism The Psycholinguistics of Bilingualism The Bilingual Brain The Bilingual as a Person 6. Bilingual Speech and Language Speaking to a Monolingual Speaking to a Bilingual The Legacy of Bilingualism References Acknowledgments Index

Life with two languages :an introduction to bilingualism

Because the field of bilingualism is still relatively new, studies in the linguistics, psycholinguistics, language development and neurolinguistics of bilingualism have often produced conflicting results. It will be argued in this paper that some of the difficulties encountered by researchers could have been lessened, if not avoided, had close attention been paid to methodological and conceptual issues. Among the issues covered are bilingual participants, language mode, stimuli, tasks as well as models of bilingual representation and processing. Each issue is dealt with in the following way: first it is explained, then the problems it causes are discussed, and, finally, tentative solutions are proposed. Examples are taken from descriptive and experimental studies of normal bilingual adults and children as well as bilinguals suffering from aphasia and dementia.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S136672899800025X

Studying Bilinguals: Methodological and Conceptual Issues.

Whether in family life, social interactions, or business negotiations, half the people in the world speak more than one language every day. Yet many myths persist about bilingualism and bilinguals. Does being bilingual mean you are equally fluent in two languages, or that you belong to two cultures, or even that you have multiple personalities? Can you become bilingual only as a child? Why do bilinguals switch from one language to another in mid-sentence? Will raising bilingual children confuse and delay their learning of any language? In a lively and often entertaining book, an international authority on bilingualism, son of an English mother and a French father, explores the many facets of bilingualism. In this book, Francois Grosjean draws on research, interviews, autobiographies, and the engaging examples of bilingual authors. He describes the various strategies - some useful, some not - used by parents raising bilingual children, explains how children easily pick up and forget languages, and considers how bilingualism affects the experience and expression of emotions, thoughts, and dreams. This book shows that speaking two or more languages is not a sign of intelligence, evasiveness, cultural alienation, or political disloyalty. For millions of people, it's simply a way of navigating the complexities of life.

Bilingual: Life and Reality

This chapter examines the factors that influence it will be spelled out, and the impact it has on language behavior. It describes existing evidence for the bilingual’s language modes in language production, language perception, language acquisition and language pathology. Language mode is the state of activation of the bilingual’s languages and language processing mechanisms at a given point in time. The bilingual’s languages are depicted on the vertical axis by a square located in the top and bottom parts of the figure, their level of activation is represented by the degree of darkness of the square and the ensuing language mode is depicted by the position of the two squares on the horizontal axis which ranges from a monolingual mode to a bilingual mode. Any number of factors can help position a bilingual speaker or listener at a particular point on the language mode continuum set the activation level of the bilingual’s languages and language processing mechanisms.

François Grosjean

Papers

Neurolinguists, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person.

Life with two languages :an introduction to bilingualism

Studying Bilinguals: Methodological and Conceptual Issues.

Bilingual: Life and Reality

The bilingual's language modes 1