Indoor localization has recently witnessed an increase in interest, due to the potential wide range of services it can provide by leveraging Internet of Things (IoT), and ubiquitous connectivity. Different techniques, wireless technologies and mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to provide indoor localization services in order to improve the services provided to the users. However, there is a lack of an up-to-date survey paper that incorporates some of the recently proposed accurate and reliable localization systems. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed survey of different indoor localization techniques, such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of flight (ToF), return time of flight (RTOF), and received signal strength (RSS); based on technologies, such as WiFi, radio frequency identification device (RFID), ultra wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and systems that have been proposed in the literature. This paper primarily discusses localization and positioning of human users and their devices. We highlight the strengths of the existing systems proposed in the literature. In contrast with the existing surveys, we also evaluate different systems from the perspective of energy efficiency, availability, cost, reception range, latency, scalability, and tracking accuracy. Rather than comparing the technologies or techniques, we compare the localization systems and summarize their working principle. We also discuss remaining challenges to accurate indoor localization.

A Survey of Indoor Localization Systems and Technologies

This article presents a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art for vehicle ad hoc networks. We start by reviewing the possible applications that can be used in VANETs, namely, safety and user applications, and by identifying their requirements. Then, we classify the solutions proposed in the literature according to their location in the open system interconnection reference model and their relationship to safety or user applications. We analyze their advantages and shortcomings and provide our suggestions for a better approach. We also describe the different methods used to simulate and evaluate the proposed solutions. Finally, we conclude with suggestions for a general architecture that can form the basis for a practical VANET.

Vehicle Ad Hoc networks: applications and related technical issues

The advances in localization based technologies and the increasing importance of ubiquitous computing and context-dependent information have led to a growing business interest in location-based applications and services. Today, most application requirements are locating or real-time tracking of physical belongings inside buildings accurately; thus, the demand for indoor localization services has become a key prerequisite in some markets. Moreover, indoor localization technologies address the inadequacy of global positioning system inside a closed environment, like buildings. Based on this, though, this paper aims to provide the reader with a review of the recent advances in wireless indoor localization techniques and system to deliver a better understanding of state-of-the-art technologies and motivate new research efforts in this promising field. For this purpose, existing wireless localization position system and location estimation schemes are reviewed, as we also compare the related techniques and systems along with a conclusion and future trends.

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Recent Advances in Wireless Indoor Localization Techniques and System

The Internet Protocol.

A survey of coordinated attacks and collaborative intrusion detection

Vehicular ad hoc networks use new protocols to enable security, services and other inventive applications to be run onboard many types of vehicles. In their design phase, those protocols and applications need to be extensively simulated but most of the work in the simulator field concentrates on the medium access and higher layer protocols. In this paper, through real world experimentations we first characterize the behavior of the channel regarding losses, we deduce a set of properties needed for lightweight models still producing relevant results. Then we implement them in a model we called shadowing-pattern which we finally use in a VANET distinctive scenario where it considerably modifies the results of a data propagation application.

Impact of radio propagation models in vehicular ad hoc networks simulations

Two types of applications use indoor positioning, services linked with mobility, such as guided tour or meeting systems, and the active security of a wireless network which locates intrusive unauthorized mobile terminals. Indoor positioning cannot be managed by a geostationary system like GPS. In fact, current researches are being conducted to conceive indoor positioning using wireless networks such as WiFi. We study such a mechanism and compare the accuracy of our results to other solutions. Our model is based on the Friis relation, which expresses signal strength as a function of distance, in a free space environment. The Friis-based model is adapted to fit the conditions of implementation. The positioning function is combined with a mobility prediction mechanism and constitutes the mobility service in a video on demand system called MoVie (mobile video).

A Friis-based calibrated model for WiFi terminals positioning

If outdoor positioning is widely treated and quite precise, positioning indoors or, more generally, in heterogeneous environments, as well as mobility prediction, requires important devices. New wireless technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi, Ultra Wide Band) combine the mobility of terminals with large bandwidth. Terminal mobility is one of the major pillars of applications attempting to become context-aware, and a large bandwidth enables new services such as multimedia contents streaming towards mobile terminals. Being context-aware and able to provide services in a mobile environment requires the knowledge of spatial and temporal data about the terminal. The key phase in the achievement of mobility management is the positioning process. We propose a layered positioning system based on a model combining a reference point-based approach with a trilateration-based one. Several layers of refinement are offered based on the knowledge of the topology and devices deployed. The more data are known, the better adapted to its area the positioning system can be.

Indoor Wi-Fi positioning: techniques and systems

Wireless network positioning is the main pillar of the continuity of rich and mobile multimedia applications. Good position accuracy is particularly difficult to obtain in urban or leafy areas and indoors or in mixed (both indoor and outdoor) environments. A system proposing such positioning must localize any mobile terminal accurately within hostile environments and ideally be low-cost and easy to deploy. We propose an indoor positioning system, based on the IEEE 802.11 wireless network. This system, named OWLPS (Open WireLess Positioning System), implements several of the major mobile position computation algorithms and techniques: fin- gerprinting location, topology-based and viterbi-like algorithm, propagation models. These algorithms result from community work and our personal researches. Index Terms—Wireless LAN, Radio position measurement, Indoor radio communication

Open Wireless Positioning System: A Wi-Fi-Based Indoor Positioning System

In urbanized and indoor environments, outdoor positioning systems, such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs), are often inaccurate and adaptations of such systems to those contexts are expensive and hard to deploy. Nowadays, a lot of indoor positioning techniques have been studied, but it it quite difficult to objectively evaluate and compare their accuracies in the same environment.

François Spies

Papers

Impact of radio propagation models in vehicular ad hoc networks simulations

A Friis-based calibrated model for WiFi terminals positioning

Indoor Wi-Fi positioning: techniques and systems

Open Wireless Positioning System: A Wi-Fi-Based Indoor Positioning System

Wi-Fi-based indoor positioning: Basic techniques, hybrid algorithms and open software platform