Why are the social problems of ghettos so bad? This article proposes that ghettos are communities that have experienced epidemics of social problems One important implication of this theory is that the pattern of neighborhood effects on social problems should be nonlinear in large cities As neighborhood quality decreases, there should be a sharp increase in the probability that an individual will develop a social problem The jump should occur somewhere near the bottom of the distribution of neighborhood quality This hypothesis is tested by analyzing the pattern of neighborhood effects on dropping out and teenage childbearing The analysis strongly supports the hypothesis, with exceptions for certain subgroups Even after controlling for individual characteristics, black and white adolescents are exposed to sharp increases in the risk of dropping out and having a child in the worst neighborhoods in large cities

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2781341.pdf

The Epidemic Theory of Ghettos and Neighborhood Effects on Dropping Out and Teenage Childbearing

Assessment of factors affecting the validity of self-reported health-risk behavior among adolescents: evidence from the scientific literature.

An unprecedented number of human sexuality studies have been initiated in response to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. Unfortunately, methodological developments in the field of sex research have been slow in meeting the demands of AIDS investigations focusing on the diverse populations at risk for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (e.g., adolescents, gay men, intravenous-drug users, ethnic minorities, elderly transfusees). In this article, we review and integrate current literature on measurement error and participation bias in sex research, with an emphasis on collecting sexual information in the context of AIDS. The relevance of these findings for AIDS-related sex research is discussed, and recommendations are made to guide future investigations.

Methodological problems in AIDS behavioral research: influences on measurement error and participation bias in studies of sexual behavior.

Black teenagers living in metropolitan areas of the United States initiate sexual intercourse at earlier ages than other teenagers and have higher rates of premarital pregnancy. Ethnographic studies of black families have claimed that economic uncertainties cause young blacks to delay marriage, while many young women achieve adulthood through premarital parenthood. It is also probable that girls who grow up in a female-headed family or who see their sisters become teenage parents are more likely to accept single-parenthood as a way to achieve adult status. These studies have suggested that ghetto neighborhoods are characterized by loosely defined and enforced norms of sexual behavior and age and sex compositions conducive to juvenile deviance. These features of ghetto life make it difficult for parents to regulate successfully their children's behaviors. As a consequence, residents of ghetto neighborhoods are expected to initiate sexual intercourse at earlier ages and to have higher rates of accidental premarital pregnancy than other teens. These hypotheses have received limited support in previous demographic research on teenage fertility. In this paper, these ethnographic explanations of the fertility behaviors of black adolescents are tested, using data from a random sample of more than 1,000 black females aged 13-19 who lived in the city of Chicago in 1979. This analysis improves on previous demographic research by both measuring the total effects of these variables on fertility and decomposing them into components due to effects on rates of initial sexual

The Impact of Social Status, Family Structure, and Neighborhood on the Fertility of Black Adolescents

Family Relationships and Adolescent Pregnancy Risk: A Research Synthesis

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Frank F. Furstenberg

Papers

Sex and pregnancy in adolescence