﻿ A large measure of the durability of the Huguenot movement was derived from then- general political assemblies. The assembly held at Montauban in 1579 was the first attended by a deputy north of the Loire; after the final and twenty-second general assembly at La Rochelle in 1622, only localised gatherings were held. This thesis argues that the assemblies were primarily a corps: their principal purpose was both to oversee the implementation of the edicts of pacification and to mobilize resources if peace broke down. Essentially based on the available manuscript sources, many of them unexplored, this thesis approaches the general assemblies as an institution. The first two chapters highlight the process of convocation of the general assemblies and the manner in which political representation (both within the assemblies and to the monarchy) took place. The third chapter principally explores the relationship between the general assemblies and the chambers created for Huguenots in the parlements from 1576. The assemblies supported these chambers as a means of obtaining implementation of the edicts of pacification. In the fourth chapter, the apparently conflicting attitudes of the general assemblies to property and civil rights are addressed. For instance, while the assemblies regulated the taking of lay and ecclesiastical property, revenue from these sources was often reinvested to support ministers, schools and charitable purposes. The fifth and sixth chapters examine the provisions for war made by the general assemblies and their attempts to ensure the adequate financing of Huguenot troops. The assemblies always stated that they acted in self-defence; a primary concern was the need to ensure the protection of local civilian populations. The monarchy allowed the assemblies to organise levies for the repayment of debts owed to mercenary troops and provided for the maintenance of Huguenot garrison troops from royal revenue. This thesis concludes that while the general assemblies worked as a corps, they never received letters of corporation from the monarchy; they remained ad hoc, susceptible to events and to the manipulation of public opinion through wellaimed pamphlet literature.

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Huguenot general assemblies in France, 1579-1622

Walter Harris was the Times correspondent in Tangier during the first three decades of the twentieth century and observed the installation of the French and Spanish protectorates at first hand. His impressions were recounted in a series of confidential memoranda to the Times and in several full‐length books, as well as in his published reports to the newspaper. Despite his literary elegance, however, his understanding of Morocco was clouded by his political and social asssumptions which were typical of his class. As a result, his legacy is one of a literary genrerather than the more solid achievements of his European contemporaries in Morocco.

Walter Harris and the imperial vision of Morocco

The Annual Disaster (1921) is undoubtedly the most relevant event in our recent military history due to its military and political connotations. The defeat has often been rightly blamed on factors such as the inefficiency of the Spanish strategic system, the ineptitude of senior officers and the unfavourable conditions of the terrain. It should be added that Spain's late arrival on the international scene in the division of Africa, due to the previous existence of an overseas empire, meant that our country was relegated to the least fertile and hostile areas of the continent; Spain's position in the multinational order of the late 19th century, together with the rise of the great powers, also affected the self-esteem and the professionalism and effectiveness of the troops. For all these reasons, in each one of the difficulties and mistakes committed within the military, as well as the brutality of the Rifians towards the Spanish troops, it was the foot soldier who suffered the terrible outcome. Consequently, the purpose of the following article is to reflect on and relate a series of milestones which, in our opinion, were key to understanding the Annual Disaster and which appeared in the preceding decades, giving clear warnings of what could happen.

Frank Maloy Anderson

Papers

The First Moroccan Crisis, 1904-1906. Eugene N. Anderson

Studies in Modern History. G. P. Gooch