Part I: AN INTRODUCTION TO INQUIRY. 1. Human Inquiry and Science. 2. Paradigms, Theory, and Research. 3. The Ethics and Politics of Social Research. Part II: THE STRUCTURING OF INQUIRY: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 4. Research Design. 5. Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement. 6. Indexes, Scales, and Typologies. 7. The Logic of Sampling. Part III: MODES OF OBSERVATION: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 8. Experiments. 9. Survey Research. 10. Qualitative Field Research. 11. Unobtrusive Research. 12. Evaluation Research. Part IV: ANALYSIS OF DATA:QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE . 13. Qualitative Data Analysis. 14. Quantitative Data Analysis. 15. Reading and Writing Social Research. Appendix A. Using the Library. Appendix B. Random Numbers. Appendix C. Distribution of Chi Square. Appendix D. Normal Curve Areas. Appendix E. Estimated Sampling Error.

社会研究方法基础 = The Basics of Social Research

This literature review has focused on smart governance as an emerging domain of study that attracts significant scientific and policy attention. More specifically, this paper aims to provide more insight in the definitions of and relationships between smart governance and concepts such as smart and electronic government, in the context of smart cities. The literature review shows that smart government can be considered as a basis for developing smart governance, through the application of emergent information and communication technologies (ICT) for governing. Smart governance as the intelligent use of ICT to improve decision-making through better collaboration among different stakeholders, including government and citizens, can be strongly related to government approaches. In this case ICT-based tools, such as social media, and openness can be factors that increase citizen engagement and support the development of new governance models for smart government. Smart governance may also have an important role in smart city initiatives, which require complex interactions between governments, citizens and other stakeholders. Based on the literature review, this paper coins a definition of ‘smart city governance’ and contributes to developing a framework for building new, smart governance models addressing the challenges of the digital society, collaborative governance, information sharing, citizen engagement, transparency and openness.

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Smart governance in the context of smart cities: A literature review

What followers are saying about transformational leaders fostering employee innovation via organisational learning, knowledge sharing and social media use in public organisations?

Introduction to Cataloging and Classification

Library Anxiety: Theory, Research and Applications

IntroductionMany researchers in the field of library and information science in education have explored different ways that undergraduate students experience the information seeking process (Belkin, 1980; Dervin, 1999; Jiao, Onwuegbuzie, & Lichtenstein, 1996; Kuhlthau, 1991; Williamson, 2005). Most particularly, many of these researchers have endeavored to understand more about information seeking from the undergraduate student perspective, such as when searches relate to specific information needs (e.g. looking for information to write an academic paper). Of the literature available on information seeking and undergraduate students, something appears to be fairly consistent in the findings, particularly in recent research: undergraduate students experience a great deal of information anxiety when seeking information in a formal (i.e. library) setting, particularly if the process relates to an academic need (Becker, 2003; Gross & Latham, 2007; Gross & Latham, 2009; Kuhlthau, 1991; Van Kampen, 2004). Researchers in library and information science have discovered that such anxiety can be deleterious to both information-seeking and the academic performance of undergraduate students in the long run (Kuhlthau, 1991; Kwon, 2008; Kwon, Onwuegbuzie, & Alexander, 2007; Nicholas, Huntington, Jamali, Rowlands & Fieldhouse, 2009; O'Brien, & Symons, 2007).Despite scholarly awareness of the situation described above, little is known about triggers for such anxiety, or specific areas within the concept of information anxiety that are experienced most strongly by undergraduate students. Therefore, there is a need to understand more about specific elements within information anxiety that have an effect on undergraduate students so that academic librarians may be more effective in addressing these effects in working with undergraduate students, particularly in terms of information literacy instruction. This pilot study aimed to build a foundation for further study in the area of specific triggers of information anxiety from the undergraduate student perspective.Study Background and PurposeOne of the authors became interested in the role of information anxiety on student performance with information literacy tasks when teaching freshmen students in an orientation class at a four-year state university. It was observed that many students became anxious about the library orientation portion of the class, and some of the reasons they gave for such nervousness had to do with not understanding how the library and research tools work. Research into the literature on the topic revealed the Library Anxiety Scale, developed initially by Sharon Bostick in 1992 and further validated by Onwuegbuzie, Jiao, and Bostick in 2004. The Library Anxiety Scale has 43 statements about library usage and emotion that are meant to assess which areas of the library (e.g. staff, resources, tools, etc.) cause respondents the most anxiety (Onwuegbuzie et al, 2004). Based on previous adaptations of this measure by other researchers in library and information science (Jerabek et al, 2001; Kalbach, 2006; Kwon, 2008; Kwon et al, 2007; Van Kampen, 2004), it became apparent that the potential existed to adapt the measure to be more reflective of information anxiety by including items related to information technology (which students in the author's courses had explained were sources of anxiety for them when performing research tasks). The measure could then be used to study information anxiety as a whole among undergraduate students. The Information Anxiety Scale (Appendix I) contains 12 additional items reflecting the broader area of information anxiety.Literature detailing undergraduate experiences with introductory research confirms that anxiety plays a role in how students feel about the process. In a four-year national study, Project Information Literacy (2012) discovered that adjectives used frequently to describe the research process by undergraduate students included "fear, angst, tired, dread, excited, anxious, annoyed, stressed, disgusted, intrigued, confused, and overwhelmed. …

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Information Anxiety from the Undergraduate Student Perspective: A Pilot Study of Second-Semester Freshmen.

Seeking electronic information from government resources: A comparative analysis of two communities' web searching of municipal government websites

This study examines the current state of knowledge about Resource Description and Access (RDA), the new cataloging standard, among Ohio public library catalogers Data were collected through an online survey from a representative sample of these catalogers While a majority of catalogers know about RDA, their working knowledge about it is minimal There are major differences in this knowledge based on geographic location of Ohio catalogers and educational attainment The authors propose further training and education opportunities for Ohio catalogers Further similar research is needed to determine if this lack of knowledge of the new descriptive standard among public library catalogers is a national challenge

Resource Description and Access and Ohio Public Libraries

This paper presents not only mycommunityinfoca (MCI) as an innovative World Wide Web (WWW)-based community information (CI) site, but also how its unique approach to facilitating online CI searching on the Web reveals through empirical data how people use such information and communication technologies (ICTs) to address their everyday information needs The geographic focus for this study is on three communities in Southwestern Ontario MCI collects unobtrusively query data that are logged daily from its own Web site, the Web sites of three municipal governments, and one municipal agency from this region One year's worth of these data was supplied to determine the types of CI that are sought through Web searching A content analysis of a large purposive sample of all of MCI's query data reveals more specific and diverse conceptual CI needs between and within communities than those reported in other studies employing different data collection methods As a result, using a centralized approach to online CI access via the WWW by other CI providers such as the 211 network may be a disservice to its users Additionally, the findings demonstrate how a thorough analysis of such data may improve the informational content and overall design of municipal government Web sites The analysis of these data also has the potential of improving current CI taxonomies

Online community information seeking: The queries of three communities in Southwestern Ontario

Archivists in the United States must grapple with many changes to archival descriptive standards in the next few years, including major revisions to Describing Archives: A Content Standard (DACS) and Encoded Archival Description (EAD), widespread adoption of the Encoded Archival Context for Corporate Bodies, Persons, and Families (EAC-CPF) standard, and harmonization of those standards with Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and Resource Description and Access (RDA). This study aims to measure the degree to which archivists are prepared to cope with this evolution in descriptive practices. Archivists were asked to complete a survey aimed at identifying and analyzing their familiarity with these standards and assessing perceptions of their readiness to adapt workflows and systems to changes in those standards. In particular, the survey targeted perceptions of possible technical challenges and pressures on current resources that may impede adoption of new and revised descriptive standa...

Frank P. Lambert

Papers

Information Anxiety from the Undergraduate Student Perspective: A Pilot Study of Second-Semester Freshmen.

Seeking electronic information from government resources: A comparative analysis of two communities' web searching of municipal government websites

Resource Description and Access and Ohio Public Libraries

Online community information seeking: The queries of three communities in Southwestern Ontario

Who's Ready to Surf the Next Wave? A Study of Perceived Challenges to Implementing New and Revised Standards for Archival Description