Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/5/110/206.full.pdf

The american psychological association.

Different manifestations of aggression from childhood to early adulthood are reviewed to establish how early manifestations are related to later manifestations. Similarities and differences in manifestations of aggression between the two genders are noted. Developmental sequences and pathways from minor aggression to violence are highlighted. Long-term escalation is contrasted with short-term escalation at older ages. Although studies have emphasized high stability of aggression over time, data show that a substantial proportion of aggressive youth desist over time. Temperamental, emotional, and cognitive aspects of aggression are reviewed, either as precursors or co-occurring conditions to aggression. Selected processes in the realms of the family, peers, and neighborhoods are highlighted that are known to be associated with juvenile aggression. Cumulative, long-term causes are contrasted with short-term causes, and causes associated with desistance in aggression are reviewed.

Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood

Two studies examined violent video game effects on aggression-related variables. Study 1 found that real-life violent video game play was positively related to aggressive behavior and delinquency. The relation was stronger for individuals who are characteristically aggressive and for men. Academic achievement was negatively related to overall amount of time spent playing video games. In Study 2, laboratory exposure to a graphically violent video game increased aggressive thoughts and behavior. In both studies, men had a more hostile view of the world than did women. The results from both studies are consistent with the General Affective Aggression Model, which predicts that exposure to violent video games will increase aggressive behavior in both the short term (e.g., laboratory aggression) and the long term (e.g., delinquency).

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Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed

The relation between childhood cruelty toward animals and interpersonal aggression has long been of interest to developmental psychology, psychiatry, and related disciplines but the empirical study of this relation is relatively recent. This review highlights existing quantitative and qualitative research on childhood animal cruelty, organized according to four areas: (1) the relation between childhood cruelty to animals and concurrent and later antisocial behavior; (2) the significance of cruelty to animals as a specific symptom in the DSM-III-R classification Conduct Disorder; (3) the implication of cruelty to animals in various forms of family and community violence, including child physical and sexual abuse and wife battering; and (4) suggestions for research in the areas of definition, prevention, and intervention.

Children Who are Cruel to Animals: A Review of Research and Implications for Developmental Psychopathology

Results from this study challenge the assumption that animal abusers commonly “graduate” from violence against animals to violence against humans. The criminal records of 153 animal abusers and 153 control participants were tracked and compared. Animal abusers were more likely than control participants to be interpersonally violent, but they also were more likely to commit property offenses, drug offenses, and public disorder offenses. Thus, there was an association between animal abuse and a variety of antisocial behaviors, but not violence alone. Moreover, when the time order between official records of animal abuse and interpersonal violence was examined, animal abuse was no more likely to precede than follow violent offenses. Although these findings dispute the assumption that animal abuse inevitably leads to violence toward humans, they point to an association between animal abuse and a host of antisocial behaviors, including violence. Also discussed are the methodological problems of demonstrating s...

The Relationship of Animal Abuse to Violence and Other Forms of Antisocial Behavior

Anecdotal reports of cruelty to pet animals in families where partner battering occurs are common but there exist few empirical data on this issue. Determining the forms and prevalence of such cruelty is important since abuse of pets may be a method batterers use to control their partners, may be related to batterers' lethality, and may result in children in such families being exposed to multiple forms of violence, a significant risk for mental health problems. Thirty-eight women seeking shelter at a safe house for battered partners voluntarily completed surveys about pet ownership and violence to pets. of the women reporting current or past pet ownership, 71% reported that their partner had threatened and/or actually hurt or killed one or more of their pets. Actual (as distinct from threatened) harm to pets represented the majority (57%) of reports. Fifty-eight percent of the full sample of women had children and 32% of these women reported that one or more of their children had hurt or killed ...

Battered Women's Reports of Their Partners' and Their Children's Cruelty to Animals

Women residing at domestic violence shelters (S group) were nearly 11 times more likely to report that their partner had hurt or killed pets than a comparison group of women who said they had not experienced intimate violence (NS group) Reports of threatened harm to pets were more than 4 times higher for the S group Using the Conflict Tactics Scale, the authors demonstrated that severe physical violence was a significant predictor of pet abuse The vast majority of shelter women described being emotionally close to their pets and distraught by the abuse family pets experienced Children were often exposed to pet abuse, and most reported being distressed by these experiences A substantial minority of S-group women reported that their concern for their pets' welfare prevented them from seeking shelter sooner This seemed truer for women without children, who may have had stronger pet attachments This obstacle to seeking safety should be addressed by domestic violence agencies

/pdf/battered-pets-and-domestic-violence-animal-abuse-reported-by-2hk3bpe291.pdf

Battered Pets and Domestic Violence Animal Abuse Reported by Women Experiencing Intimate Violence and by Nonabused Women

We assessed the impact of a year-long, school-based humane education program on younger (first and second graders) and older (fourth and fifth graders) children's attitudes toward the treatment of animals. Generalization to human-directed empathy was also measured. Using a pretest-posttest design and ANCOVA, we found that the program enhanced the animal-related attitudes of children differentially, depending on grade level. For younger children, there was no significant difference between experimental (E) and control (C) group attitude means; however, qualitative analysis showed that greater enhancement of attitudes occurred for first grade E group children than for C group children at that grade level. No differences were present on the generalization measure of empathy. For older children, there was a significant difference between E and C group attitude means qualified by grade level—there was greater enhancement of humane attitudes for E group than for C group fourth graders but no difference ...

Frank R. Ascione

Papers

Children Who are Cruel to Animals: A Review of Research and Implications for Developmental Psychopathology

The Relationship of Animal Abuse to Violence and Other Forms of Antisocial Behavior

Battered Women's Reports of Their Partners' and Their Children's Cruelty to Animals

Battered Pets and Domestic Violence Animal Abuse Reported by Women Experiencing Intimate Violence and by Nonabused Women

Enhancing Children's Attitudes About the Humane Treatment of Animals: Generalization to Human-Directed Empathy