Spatial localization (colocation) of nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an active area of research, with many applications in sensing from distributed systems, such as microaerial vehicles, smart dust sensors, and mobile robotics. This paper provides a comprehensive review and comparison of recent implementations (commercial and academic) of physical measurement techniques used in sensor localization, and of the localization algorithms that use these measurement techniques. Physical methods for measuring distances and angles between WSN nodes are reviewed, followed by a comprehensive comparison of localization accuracy, applicable ranges, node dimensions, and power consumption of the different implementations. A summary of advantages and disadvantages of each measurement technique is provided, along with a comparison of colocalization methods in WSNs across multiple algorithms and distance ranges. A discussion of possible improvements to accuracy, range, and power consumption of selected self-localization methods is included in the concluding discussion. Although the preferred implementation depends on the application, required accuracy, and range, passive optical triangulation is reported as the most energy efficient localization method for low-cost/low-power miniature sensor nodes. It is capable of providing micrometer-level resolution, however, the applicable range (internode distance) is limited to single centimeters.

Review and Comparison of Spatial Localization Methods for Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks

conventional batteries duetoitswasteheatenergy harvesting capabilities. Itisespecially suited formanylow Significant developments haveoccurr edinthelast few .,,,,. ., . ~~~~~~power andportable electronics suchasforsupporting years intheareaofnanoscale thermoelectric materials using unwen and wirele ssdcesThrmoelectri superlattices andself-assembled quantum-dots. Thin-filmgnator' s oututvotae ssdirel prop leto thermoelectric (TB) devices employing these materials have temeratres diferncbltwe i rectly proportion alto beendeveloped formanyapplications including energy temperature difference between itS twojunctlons. Inmany harvestng. Thnf* TEdevics foa I mm ofcovre cases, theobtainable temperature difference canbeless than vesting. Thin-ilm tB device,foram of overt 2Kandtheoutput voltage ofathermoelectric generator can volutW/me 3, ilb an ,

EnergyHarvesting forElectronics withThermoelectric Devices using Nanoscale Materials

High-performance low-cost multilayer textured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbZrO3–PbTiO3 (PMN–PZT) piezoelectric ceramic benders were fabricated by combining templated grain growth (TGG) and low-temperature co-firing ceramics (LTCC) process The d g values of textured samples were 700–800% higher than that of the random counterpart, which results in 500–600% increase in the output power from vibration energy harvesting The output power and power density of tri-layer textured sample at the acceleration of 043 g were measured to be 903 μW and 155 mW/cm, respectively The results demonstrate that the multilayer structure results in an increase in output current and a decrease in the matching resistive load

Enhanced Vibration Energy Harvesting Through Multilayer Textured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbZrO3–PbTiO3 Piezoelectric Ceramics

Modelling and development of a vibration-based electromagnetic energy harvester for industrial centrifugal pump application

This paper reports the design and integration of a self-contained system intended for real-time monitoring of electricity usage within residential and commercial buildings. Consisting of an Energy Harvester (EH), an electric current sensor, a Micro-controller Unit (MCU), and a wireless communication device, the proposed system is self-powered and non-invasive, which provides a promising solution as a node in a wireless sensor network. In this work, a customized interface circuitry is designed to collect and regulate the energy from the EH. A Wireless MCU is programmed to acquire, process, and transmit the data from the sensor to the central hub via Bluetooth Low Energy connectivity. The real-time data obtained can be used to measure the amount of power consumed by individual appliances within the building. In this paper, the system design and testing results are reported. Attached to an electric wire carrying currents in the range of 7.6A to 30A, the state-of-the-art system can achieve a read-transmit duty cycle from <1min to 2.5min. The unit is capable of reading a 60 HZ AC sensor signal with a peak voltage in the range of 100 mV to 900 mV with an accuracy of 91.4%.

/pdf/design-and-development-of-a-self-contained-and-non-invasive-78t54apsfg.pdf

Design and development of a self-contained and non-invasive integrated system for electricity monitoring applications

Abstract A design methodology is proposed for electronic systems powered by energy harvesting. The methodology first considers the operating environment. It then evaluates the supply-side (the attributes of the harvester), the demand-side (the engineering application or load which receives and uses the converted power), and the power conditioning needed between supply and demand. A test case is presented in which the vibrations of an electromagnetic device are harvested, converted, and used to power a wireless sensor node. Such a node is being used for the condition based monitoring of manufacturing equipment.

Frederick L. Burghardt

Papers

A Design Methodology for Energy Harvesting: With a Case Study on the Structured Development of a System to Power a Condition Monitoring Unit