A tokenless identification system and method are principally based on a correlative comparison of a unique biometrics sample, such as a finger print or voice recording, gathered directly from the person of an unknown user, with an authenticated biometrics sample of the same type obtained and stored previously (1). It can be networked to act as a full or partial intermediary between other independent computer systems (3), or maybe the sole computer systems carrying out all necessary executions.

Tokenless identification system for authorization of electronic transactions and electronic transmissions

The present invention encompasses albumin fusion proteins. Nucleic acid molecules encoding the albumin fusion proteins of the invention are also encompassed by the invention, as are vectors containing these nucleic acids, host cells transformed with these nucleic acids vectors, and methods of making the albumin fusion proteins of the invention and using these nucleic acids, vectors, and/or host cells. Additionally the present invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions comprising albumin fusion proteins and methods of treating, preventing, or ameliorating diseases, disorders or conditions using albumin fusion proteins of the invention.

Albumin Fusion Proteins

Potential threats caused by something like real fingers, which are called fake or artificial fingers, should be crucial for authentication based on fingerprint systems. Security evaluation against attacks using such artificial fingers has been rarely disclosed. Only in patent literature, measures, such as live and well detection, against fake fingers have been proposed. However, the providers of fingerprint systems usually do not mention whether or not these measures are actually implemented in emerging fingerprint systems for PCs or smart cards or portable terminals, which are expected to enhance the grade of personal authentication necessary for digital transactions. As researchers who are pursuing secure systems, we would like to discuss attacks using artificial fingers and conduct experimental research to clarify the reality. This paper reports that gummy fingers, namely artificial fingers that are easily made of cheap and readily available gelatin, were accepted by extremely high rates by 11 particular fingerprint devices with optical or capacitive sensors. We have used the molds, which we made by pressing our live fingers against them or by processing fingerprint images from prints on glass surfaces, etc. We describe how to make the molds, and then show that the gummy fingers, which are made with these molds, can fool the fingerprint devices.

Impact of Artificial "Gummy" Fingers on Fingerprint Systems.

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Impact of Artificial "Gummy" Fingers on Fingerprint Systems

Most automatic systems for fingerprint comparison are based on minutiae matching. Minutiae are essentially terminations and bifurcations of the ridge lines that constitute a fingerprint pattern. Automatic minutiae detection is an extremely critical process, especially in low-quality fingerprints where noise and contrast deficiency can originate pixel configurations similar to minutiae or hide real minutiae. Several approaches have been proposed in the literature; although rather different from each other, all these methods transform fingerprint images into binary images. In this work we propose an original technique, based on ridge line following, where the minutiae are extracted directly from gray scale images. The results achieved are compared with those obtained through some methods based on image binarization. In spite of a greater conceptual complexity, the method proposed performs better both in terms of efficiency and robustness.

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Direct gray-scale minutiae detection in fingerprints

An uneven surface data detection apparatus for detecting an uneven surface, such as a human finger, having projected portions and recessed portions. A transparent base having upper and lower surfaces and an upper surface defining an uneven surface contact portion is provided, and a light is incident on the uneven surface so that the light derived from the recess portions enters to the transparent base and comes out thereof. However, a part of the light derived from the projected portions is totally reflected at least one time by the lower opposite surface and focussing lens is integrally formed on the transparent base so that the totally reflected light is drawn out of transparent base and enters to an image sensor.

Uneven-surface data detection apparatus

A biological detecting system comprising a light source; a condensing optical system for condensing a light beam from the light source and irradiating the surface of a sample to be detected with a spot of light, an imaging optical system for condensing light reflected or scattered by an irradiated portion of the sample and forming an image of the irradiated portion at a predetermined location, and a photodetector arranged at the predetermined location to detect the size of the image of the irradiated portion and output a detection signal indicating the detected size of the image.

Biological object detecting system and fingerprint collating system employing same

Light-beam scanning apparatus mainly used for a bar-code reader in a point-of-sale system to identify sold articles. The apparatus comprises at light-beam emitting device (3), a hologram disk (1) having a plurality of hologram segments with different diffraction characteristics mounted along its circumference and being rotated at a predetermined speed, and deflecting means (5, 16, 19) for directing the emitted light beam from the light-beam emitting device to one side of the hologram disk at a first direction. The scanning apparatus further comprises a first mirror group (20) including a plurality of mirrors placed at a second direction corresponding to the other side of the hologram disk, each of which mirrors is arranged to receive a diffracted light beam from a corresponding hologram segment, and a second mirror group (30) including a plurality of mirrors, each of which mirrors is placed to receive a light beam reflected by a corresponding mirror of the first mirror group and to reflect the incident light beam to a predetermined space (50). positioned in the first direction where an article (14) having a bar-code label (15) is moved. In the apparatus, a light path from the other side of the hologram disk to the predetermined space has a predetermined length to form a predetermined scanning light pattern in the space.

Light-beam scanning apparatus

An apparatus used in fingerprint identification for extracting minutia data from fingerprint image data An optical sensor unit optically produces a sequence of fingerprint image data during a single operation of pressing a fingerpad onto an inspection plate in a direction substantially transverse to the plate and with increasing pressure over a time interval A data storing unit stores the produced fingerprint image data in the form of a sequence of fingerprint image data obtained during the single operation of pressing the fingerpad onto the inspection plate The stored fingerprint image data is utilizable for identification of the fingerprint

Minutia data extraction in fingerprint identification

An apparatus for detecting and identifying a biological object. A transparent plate has a first surface onto which a light beam is projected and a second surface onto which a biological object to be detected and identified is placed. The light beam projected toward the first plate surface is transmitted through the plate and toward the object on the second surface, from which the light beam is reflected and retransmitted through the plate toward and through the first surface thereof and received and detected by an optical detector. The detection of a biological object is confirmed by comparing the change of the wavelength characteristics of the reflected and detected light beam in a predetermined time sequence according to the object being first placed upon and then pressed upon the second surface of the transparent plate with respective, known such characteristics thereof.

Fumio Yamagishi

Papers

Uneven-surface data detection apparatus

Biological object detecting system and fingerprint collating system employing same

Light-beam scanning apparatus

Minutia data extraction in fingerprint identification

Biological object detection apparatus