Series Editor's Preface. Introduction by John Breuilly. Acknowledgements. 1. Definitions. State and nation. The nation. 2. Culture in Agrarian Society. Power and culture in the agro-literature society. The varieties of agrarian rulers. 3. Industrial Society. The society of perpetual growth. Social genetics. The age of universal high culture. 4. The Transition to an Age of Nationalism. A note on the weakness of nationalism. Wild and garden culture. 5. What is a Nation. The course of true nationalism never did run smooth. 6. Social Entropy and Equality in Industrial Society. Obstacles to entropy. Fissures and barriers. A diversity of focus. 7. A Typology of Nationalisms. The varieties of nationalist experience. Diaspora nationalism. 8. The Future of Nationalism. Industrial culture - one or many?. 9. Nationalism and Ideology. Who is for Nuremberg?. One nation, one state. 10. Conclusion. What is not being said. Summary. Select bibliography. Bilbliography of Ernest Gellner's writing: Ian Jarvie. Index

Nations and Nationalism

Scholars of the European Union have analyzed the EU's legitimacy mainly in terms of two normative criteria: output effectiveness for the people and input participation by the people. This article argues that missing from this theorization is what goes on in the ‘black box’ of governance between input and output, or ‘throughput’. Throughput consists of governance processes with the people, analyzed in terms of their efficacy, accountability, transparency, inclusiveness and openness to interest consultation. This article defines and discusses this third normative criterion as well as the interaction effects of all three normative criteria. It does so by considering EU scholars' institutional and constructivist analyses of EU legitimacy as well as empirical cases of and proposed solutions to the EU's democracy problems. The article also suggests that unlike input and output, which affect public perceptions of legitimacy both when they are increased or decreased, throughput tends to be most salient when negat...

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Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union Revisited: Input, Output and ‘Throughput’

Legitimacy is a fundamental concept of organizational institutionalism. It influences how organizations behave and has been shown to affect their performance and survival (Pollock & Rindova, 2003; Singh, Tucker, & House, 1986). As developed in organizational institutionalism the term has spread widely across the social sciences, and because of this, our current understandings of legitimacy and how it is managed are much more nuanced and elaborate than portrayed in early institutional accounts. In this chapter, we seek to bring greater clarity and order to the growing and sometimes confusing literature, focusing on the conceptualization of legitimacy itself and how it changes over time.This chapter builds from the previous edition (Deephouse & Suchman, 2008, available online at www.sage.org/organizational institutionalism/legitimacy). In updating that chapter we reviewed 1299 publications and conference papers that had the string “legitim” in the title, abstract, or keywords. Reflecting the reach and power of legitimacy, these publications included books and a wide range of journals and across a wide range of disciplines (e.g., communication, political science, public administration, and sociology -- not just management). Our goal was both to identify both broad trends in theory and research and possible theoretical innovations and also to highlight important applications for scholars in organizational institutionalism. From this review we identified six central questions around which this chapter is arranged: What is organizational legitimacy? Why does legitimacy matter? Who confers legitimacy, and how? What criteria are used (for making legitimacy evaluations)? How does legitimacy change over time? These questions are shown in Figure 1.1. Our final section asks “Where do we go from here?” and offers suggestions for future research.

Organizational Legitimacy: Six Key Questions

Whether their analytic frameworks focus on institutional form and practices or on its interactive construction, scholars have analyzed the EU’s democratic legitimacy mainly in terms of the trade-offs between the output effectiveness of EU’s policies outcomes for the people and the input participation by and representation of the people. Missing is theorization of the “throughput” efficiency, accountability, transparency, and openness to consultation with the people of the EU’s internal governance processes. The paper argues that adding this analytic category facilitates assessment of these legitimizing mechanisms’ interdependencies and facilitates consideration of reforms that could turn this democratic trilemma into a “virtuous circle”.

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Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union Revisited

In this book, originally published in 2007, Chiara Bottici argues for a philosophical understanding of political myth. Bottici demonstrates that myth is a process, one of continuous work on a basic narrative pattern that responds to a need for significance. Human beings need meaning in order to master the world they live in, but they also need significance in order to live in a world that is less indifferent to them. This is particularly true in the realm of politics. Political myths are narratives through which we orient ourselves, and act and feel about our political world. Bottici shows that in order to come to terms with contemporary phenomena, such as the clash between civilizations, we need a Copernican revolution in political philosophy. If we want to save reason, we need to look at it from the standpoint of myth.

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A philosophy of political myth

Part 1: Theorizing the Link between Identity and Legitimacy 1. Why Legitimacy and Political Identity are Connected to Each Other, Especially in the Case of the European Union 2. Identity, Legitimacy and Foreign Policy Part 2: Memory and Space 3. Europe, War and Remembrance 4. Identity and Capital Cities: European Nations and the European Union Part 3: Politics and Ethics: The Regulation of Technology 5. Global Warming and European Political Identity 6. EU Food Safety Policy and Public Debate 7. EU Red Biotechnology Regulations and European Values Part 4: Social and Civil Europe 8. The European Social Model(s) and the Self Image of Europe 9. The Double Face of Civil Society Part 5: Outside the EU: Policies and Images 10. Human Rights Promotion 11. Judicial Policies and European Enlargement 12. How Do the Others See Us? European Political Identity and the External Image of the EU 13. Conclusions

The Search for a European Identity : Values, Policies and Legitimacy of the European Union

The peaceful and democratic integration of the European countries cannot be completed if the EU does not become a true, though not-federal, polity. Making the European institutions fully legitimate and accountable requires the development of political identity in a shape which is different from both national and cultural identity and is not merely opposite to diversity and change. Its contents can be seen in a specific set of constitutional values and principles, including a model of social relations, an international standing and a peculiar and unprecedented system of governance. Identity-formation in the EU goes through several channels, but has still to generate a European public sphere, though the source of this difficulty does not lie in the lack of a European people or demos.

A Political Identity of the Europeans

Why political identity and legitimacy matter in the European Union

Preface Furio Cerutti, Sonia Lucarelli and Vivien Schmidt Part 1: Reflections on Identity and Legitimacy in the European Union 1. How Not to (mis)Understand Political Identity in the European Union Furio Cerutti 2. The Problems of Identity and Legitimacy in the European Union: Is More Politics the Answer? Vivien A. Schmidt 3.Europe as a Narrative Network: Taking the Social Embeddedness of Identity Constructions Seriously Klaus Eder 4. European Identity and Support for European Integration Dieter Fuchs 5. Does the Power Exerted by the EU need a Legitimacy Based on the Citizens' European Identity? Nicolas Levrat Part 2: Pathways to Identity Formation and Legitimacy Construction 6. Three European Constitutionalisms and their Respective Legitimacy Requirements: Explaining the Longue Duree Stability of the EU Polity Mario Telo 7. False Expectations: The Counterproductive Side Effects of the EU's use of Political Symbols Albrecht Sonntag 8. Gaining European Legitimacy and Identity through Unlocking the Public Spheres of Nation States: The Case of The Netherlands Jos De Beus and Jeannette Mak 9. Mirrors of Us: European Political Identity and the Others' Image of the EU Sonia Lucarelli 10. Public Visibility and Citizen Participation: The Europeanization of Foreign Policy Debates in the British and German Public Spheres Martin Federico Meyer 11. Debating Identity and Legitimacy in the EU: Concluding Remarks Sonia Lucarelli

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Furio Cerutti

Papers

The Search for a European Identity : Values, Policies and Legitimacy of the European Union

A Political Identity of the Europeans

Why political identity and legitimacy matter in the European Union

Debating political identity and legitimacy in the European Union

can there be a supranational identity