Waterlogging remains a significant constraint to cereal production across the globe in areas with high rainfall and/or poor drainage. Improving tolerance of plants to waterlogging is the most economical way of tackling the problem. However, under severe waterlogging combined agronomic, engineering and genetic solutions will be more effective. A wide range of agronomic and engineering solutions are currently being used by grain growers to reduce losses from waterlogging. In this scoping study, we reviewed the effects of waterlogging on plant growth, and advantages and disadvantages of various agronomic and engineering solutions which are used to mitigate waterlogging damage. Further research should be focused on: cost/benefit analyses of different drainage strategies; understanding the mechanisms of nutrient loss during waterlogging and quantifying the benefits of nutrient application; increasing soil profile de-watering through soil improvement and agronomic strategies; revealing specificity of the interaction between different management practices and environment as well as among management practices; and more importantly, combined genetic, agronomic and engineering strategies for varying environments.

/pdf/soil-and-crop-management-practices-to-minimize-the-impact-of-4uq98gx670.pdf

Soil and Crop Management Practices to Minimize the Impact of Waterlogging on Crop Productivity.

Eucalyptus geometry in agroforestry on waterlogged saline soils influences plant and soil traits in North-West India

1. Introduction.- 2. Soil conservation and ecosystem stability: Natural resource management through agroforestry in the northwestern Himalayan region.- 3. From shifting cultivation to integrating farming: Experience of agroforestry development in the northeastern Himalayan region.- 4. Agroforestry inroads into the traditional two-crop system heartlands of the Indo-Gangetic plains.- 5.Agroforestry as a strategy for livelihood security in the rainfed areas: experiences and expectations.- 6. Livelihood improvements and climate-change adaptations through agroforestry in hot arid environments.- 7. Agroforestry: A way forward for sustaining fragile coastal and island agro-ecosystems.- 8. Agroforestry for wasteland rehabilitation: mined, ravine and degraded watershed areas .- 9. Greening salty and waterlogged lands through agroforestry systems for livelihood security and better environment.- 10. Wetland based agroforestry systems: balancing between carbon sink and source.- 11. Agroforestry for ecosystem services and mitigation of climate change.- 12. Agroforestry policy issues and challenges.- 13. Synthesis.

Agroforestry Systems in India: Livelihood Security & Ecosystem Services

India has 7,517 km total length of the coastline of mainland, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Lakshadweep Islands. Its peninsular region is bounded by the Arabian Sea on the west, the Bay of Bengal on the east, and the Indian Ocean to its south. It has two major island ecosystems, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal, and the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea. The coastal and island ecosystems have a vide variability in climatic, topographical and edaphic conditions, and support diverse cultivated crops as well as natural vegetation ranging from tropical rainforests to coastal mangroves. The area is environmentally disadvantaged and at a great risk to the ill-effects of human activities and weather adversities. Frequent occurrence of strong cyclones causes colossal damage to the agricultural crops, human and animal lives, and other properties. Most of the cultivated area is predominantly monocropped mainly with rice cultivation. The coastal and island ecosystems offer vast scope of commercial use not only for vide varieties of fish, fruit and vegetable crops, but also plantation crops, spices, and medicinal plants. Multistorey plantation-based cropping systems and home gardens are dominant agricultural production systems. These are comprised of coconut, arecanut, oilpalm, cashew, cocoa, spices like cardamom, clove, black pepper, ginger, turmeric, and seed spices. Home gardens also consist of poultry, dairy, fishponds, and rice fields. Alley cropping, live fences, forest farming, or plantations under the shade of forest trees, and other agroforestry systems are found in the coastal and island regions. Marin aquaculture, brackish water aquaculture in vicinity of mangroves and sweet water aquaculture are prime fish production systems, which serve food and generate income to farmers. Most of these systems have been described here in this chapter.

Agroforestry: A Way Forward for Sustaining Fragile Coastal and Island Agro-Ecosystems

Agroforestry system as an ecologically sustainable land use option alternative to the prevalent subsistence farming patterns for conservation and development. It is an old traditional practice but recently named as an agroforestry. A large hectare is available in the form of boundaries, bunds, wastelands where this system can be adopted. Eucalyptus is a cropland agroforestry tree species planted along with various annual crops like paddy, wheat, and cereals and other cash crops in farmers’ lands either in scattered or in bund. The main purpose of this review to provide/generates an idea about how Eucalyptus on bund behaves with associated crops i.e. interaction between both are studied in many aspects comprises outcome of yield, which is depends upon tree spacing, density, type and nature of existing bund plantation, their shading effects on morphology (internodes length, leaf area) and flower initiation/fruit-set of associated crops and their negative impacts on ecosystem includes competition of trees with crops for resources, allelopathic effects, rapid growth of trees occupy space of crops, etc. This review also includes carbon sequestration ability of Eucalyptus plantation with their growth and price trend behavior.

G. C. Panda

Papers

Application of Bio-Drainage for Reclamation of Waterlogged Situations in Deltaic Orissa