L'A. passe en revue les techniques de visualisation utilisees pour representer de facon cartographique la structure de domaine des disciplines scientifiques, et pour soutenir la recherche d'information et la classification. Un bref historique montre que la visualisation des domaines de connaissances s'enracine dans des disciplines telles que la scientometrie, la bibliometrie et l'analyse de citations, ainsi que la visualisation scientifique. L'A. analyse les principales etapes du processus de visualisation des domaines de connaissances : unites d'analyse, mesures, similarites entre unites. Differentes techniques couramment utilisees pour l'analyse et la visualisation des connaissances sont passees en revue : techniques de reduction de la dimensionnalite, analyse par clusters, configuration spatiale, visualisation et conception d'interaction. Differentes approches sont appliquees pour engendrer et comparer diverses representations cartographiques de la recherche sur la visualisation des domaines de connaissances. Ces cartes mettent en valeur les relations entre l'analyse de citations, la bibliometrie, la semantique et la visualisation de l'information. Augmenter l'accessibilite de la visualisation des domaines aupres des non-experts, appliquer la visualisation des domaines de connaissances pour mieux repondre a des questions pragmatiques, favoriser la collaboration et la diffusion des resultats entre chercheurs, developper des algorithmes plus robustes, comptent parmi les directions de recherche les plus prometteuses.

https://cns.iu.edu/docs/publications/2003-borner-arist.pdf

Visualizing knowledge domains

This paper describes an application-specific hypertext system designed to facilitate the capture of early design deliberations. It implements a specific method, called Issue Based Information Systems (IBIS), which has been developed for use on large, complex design problems. The hypertext system described here, gIBIS (for graphical IBIS), makes use of color and a high-speed relational database server to facilitate building and browsing typed IBIS networks. Further, gIBIS is designed to support the collaborative construction of these networks by any number of cooperating team members spread across a local area network. Early experiments suggest that the IBIS method is still incomplete, but there is a good match between the tool and method even in this experimental version.

/pdf/gibis-a-hypertext-tool-for-exploratory-policy-discussion-4875y7c0a7.pdf

gIBIS: a hypertext tool for exploratory policy discussion

We present steps toward a conceptual framework for tangible user interfaces. We introduce the MCRpd interaction model for tangible interfaces, which relates the role of physical and digital representations, physical control, and underlying digital models. This model serves as a foundation for identifying and discussing several key characteristics of tangible user interfaces. We identify a number of systems exhibiting these characteristics, and situate these within 12 application domains. Finally, we discuss tangible interfaces in the context of related research themes, both within and outside of the human-computer interaction domain.

/pdf/emerging-frameworks-for-tangible-user-interfaces-254dznxose.pdf

Emerging frameworks for tangible user interfaces

This paper presents the Dexter hypertext reference model. The Dexter model is an attempt to capture, both formally and informally, the important abstractions found in a wide range of existing and future hypertext systems. The goal of the model is to provide a principled basis for comparing systems as well as for developing interchange and interoperability standards. The model is divided into three layers. The storage layer describes the network of nodes and links that is the essence of hypertext. The runtime layer describes mechanisms supporting the user’s interaction with the hypertext. The within-component layer covers the content and structures within hypertext nodes. The focus of the model is on the storage layer as well as on the mechanisms of anchoring and presentation specification that form the interfaces between the storage layer and the within-component and runtime layers, respectively. The model is formalized in the specification language Z, a specification language based on set theory. The paper briefly discusses the issues involved in comparing the characteristics of existing systems against the model.

The Dexter hypertext reference model

Hypertext development should benefit from a systematic, structured development, especially in the case of large and complex applications. A structured approach to hypertext development suggests the notion of authoring-in-the-large. Authoring-in-the-large allows the description of overall classes of information elements and navigational structures of complex applications without much concern with implementation details, and in a system-independent manner. The paper presents HDM (Hypertext Design Model), a first step towards defining a general purpose model for authoring-in-the-large. Some of the most innovative features of HDM are: the notion of perspective; the identification of different categories of links (structural links, application links, and perspective links) with different representational roles; the distinction between hyperbase and access structures; and the possibility of easily integrating the structure of a hypertext application with its browsing semantics. HDM can be used in different manners: as a modeling device or as an implementation device. As a modeling device, it supports producing high level specifications of existing or to-be-developed applications. As an implementation device, it is the basis for designing tools that directly support application development. One of the central advantages of HDM in the design and practical construction of hypertext applications is that the definition of a significant number of links can be derived automatically from a conceptual-design level description. Examples of usage of HDM are also included.

/pdf/hdm-a-model-based-approach-to-hypertext-application-design-4bi652hdya.pdf

HDM—a model-based approach to hypertext application design

NoteCards, developed by a team at Xerox PARC, was designed to support the task of transforming a chaotic collection of unrelated thoughts into an integrated, orderly interpretation of ideas and their interconnections. This article presents NoteCards as a foil against which to explore some of the major limitations of the current generation of hypermedia systems, and characterizes the issues that must be addressed in designing the next generation systems.

G. Halasz Frank

Papers

Reflections on NoteCards: seven issues for the next generation of hypermedia systems