https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/21670/NWS-E-2006-202.pdf;sequence=1

A bottom-up assessment and review of global bio-energy potentials to 2050

Urbanization offers several opportunities for the growth of economic, social, and technology sectors, offering benefits to society in terms of better living and healthcare facilities, as well as employment opportunities. However, some major downsides of urbanization are overcrowding and environmental degradation. In order to realize sustainable and environmentally friendly urbanization, there is an urgent need for comprehensive land use planning and of urban settlements by giving due consideration to create and sustain urban green spaces (UGS) such as parks, gardens, roadside vegetation, etc. UGS play a vital role in reducing air pollution, mitigating climate change, and providing various ecosystem services. UGS are being deteriorated substantially due to booming urbanization in developing countries such as India. This review is focused on highlighting the many challenges in creating and maintaining UGS in the Indian context. It is a compilation of available reports on problems linked with poor land use and/or planning of urban settlements. The challenges associated with the management and maintenance of UGS are described. The poor and irregular watering of many existing UGS is one of the major issues among several others requiring immediate attention to resolve the problem of deteriorating UGS in some cities of India. As the groundwater resources are rapidly depleting because of ever increasing water demand, UGS are being dispensed with poor and irregular watering resulting in their deterioration. A list of possible solutions and prospects of UGS in cities aiming to become smart cities soon are discussed in this review. Efficient wastewater treatment and a non-potable reuse system are possible solutions for better prospects of UGS, and therefore, optimism of better cities with low to null urban heat island effect.

https://www.mdpi.com/2413-8851/3/3/94/pdf

Urban Green Spaces and Their Need in Cities of Rapidly Urbanizing India: A Review

Do urban residents experience societal benefits derived from urban forests equitably? We conducted a broad-scale spatial analysis of the relationship between urban greenery and socioeconomic factors in the Portland metropolitan area. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was derived from National Agriculture Imagery Program images to map urban vegetation cover, and Outdoor Recreation and Conservation Area data were used to identify green spaces. These measures of urban greenery were correlated with census data to identify socioeconomic factors associated with high levels of green inequity. Population density, house age, income, and race were strongly correlated with vegetation cover. However, the distribution of green spaces showed a much weaker relationship with socioeconomic factors. These results highlight the importance of different measures of access to urban greenery and suggest potential solutions to the problem of urban green inequity. Cities can use our methods to conduct targeted urban forest management to maximize urban forest benefits received by residents.

Exploring Relationships between Socioeconomic Background and Urban Greenery in Portland, OR

Summary ixGlossary xiiAbbreviations and Acronyms xvii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Statement of the problem 11.1.1 Extractive economies in the context of tropical deforestation 11.1.2 The call for extractive reserves, or, two divergent views of extractivism 31.1.3 Extractivism from a livelihoods perspective 71.1.4 The spatial and temporal dimension of extractive economies 91.1.5 The rural-urban nexus of extractivism in the northern Bolivian Amazon 131.1.6 Summary of the problems addressed and resulting research needs 171.2 Objectives, research questions, and structure of the study 181.2.1 Objectives 181.2.2 Guiding research questions 191.2.3 Terminology and definitions 201.2.4 Organization of the dissertation 221.3 Point of departure: disciplinary and theoretical pluralism and transparency of values 231.3.1 General methodological approach 231.3.2 Positivist vs. constructivist/naturalistic philosophy of science 241.3.3 Own values, paradigms, and root assumptions 361.3.4 Limitations to the study 401.4 Study region: the northern Bolivian Amazon 421.4.1 Physiographic conditions and demography 421.4.2 The macroeconomic and political framework 452 ADVANCE OF THE EXTRACTIVE FRONTIER: RAIN FOREST USE IN NORTHERNBOLIVIA, 1820-1995 492.1 Analytical framework and research questions 492.2 Exploitation of Peruvian bark in the pre-rubber era, 1820s-1859 512.3 The early rubber era: emergence of rubber estates, 1860-1897 56

/pdf/variations-and-dynamics-of-extractive-economies-the-rural-4ajfjvuakr.pdf

Variations and dynamics of extractive economies: the rural-urban nexus of non-timber forest use in the Bolivian Amazon

A quantitative review of the representation of forest conflicts across the world: Resource periphery and emerging patterns☆

Urban dwellers are increasingly recognizing and articulating the importance of urban forests as a vital component of the urban landscape, infrastructure and quality of life. Municipalities together with diverse stakeholders around the world have launched often quite ambitious urban forestry programmes. Much progress has been achieved in urban forestry research and development in industrialized countries. However, multipurpose urban forestry in developing countries is still in its infancy. In addition, forestry work is conspicuously absent from urban development cooperation initiatives, despite the accelerated urbanization process taking place in developing countries. This article highlights the importance of urban trees and related vegetation in and around densely populated areas in both industrialized and developing countries. The focus is on implications of urbanization for development cooperation, benefits of urban forests, poverty alleviation, innovative publicprivate partnerships and multiresource management. URBANIZATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES Accelerated urban growth in developing countries Urbanization is a worldwide trend. In 1995 some 73 percent of Latin Americans lived in cities, making the region roughly as urbanized as Europe and North America. In Asia and Africa onethird of the total population was classified as urban. The new millennium will be an urban millennium. Urban areas in developing countries will account for nearly 90 percent of the projected world population increase of 2 700 million people between 1995 and 2030. By the year 2030, almost 85 percent of Latin Americans and 50 percent of all Africans and Asians will live in cities. The most explosive urban growth is expected in Africa and Asia. Asia will have the largest urban population in the world, with almost twice as many people living in cities as in Africa and Latin America combined (UN, 1998). Peri-urban areas have the highest growth rates and receive up to 70 percent of the migrants from rural areas as well as migrants from the city itself. These areas are in most ways integrated with the city, yet most forestry projects in peri-urban areas are designed as rural projects. If not integrated into urban planning, they are doomed to fail.

G. Kuchelmeister

Papers

Trees for the urban millennium: urban forestry update