Friction stir based welding and processing technologies - processes, parameters, microstructures and applications: A review

Friction surfacing—A review

Performance analysis of friction surfacing

Wear characterization of functionally graded Al–SiC composite coatings produced by Friction Surfacing

Microstructural evolution during friction surfacing of tool steel H13

This paper is concerned with the friction surfacing of high-speed steels, BM2, BT15 and ASP30 onto plain carbon steel plate. The events that the matrix and carbides experience as the coating material pass from the coating rod to the substrate, in forming the coating, is described. The coating is observed to harden automatically within a few seconds of being deposited onto the cold substrate. This autohardening is observed to be an inherent feature of the friction surfacing process and the only post-coating heat treatment required is tempering, as with traditionally hardened high-speed steels. The mechanism of autohardening is discussed in terms of the mechtrode/coating/substrate thermal system.

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On the thermo-mechanical events during friction surfacing of high speed steels

Decision support system to optimise the Frictec (friction surfacing) process

This paper discusses the procedures for data collection, management and optimisation of the friction surfacing process. Experimental set-up and characteristics of measuring equipment are found to match the requirements for accurate and unbiased data signals. The main friction surfacing parameters are identified and the first stage of the optimisation process is achieved by visually assessing the coatings and introducing the substrate speed vs. force map. The optimum values from this first stage forms a region around the middle of a trapezium-shaped area whose borders are found experimentally. Data collected for the second stage were analysed using the least squares method which were applied to find the coefficients of a second order regression model. Advantages of applying artificial intelligence methods to friction surfacing modelling are also described and the higher accuracy achieved using neural networks demonstrated.

/pdf/an-integrated-approach-to-friction-surfacing-process-1yg4scace8.pdf

An integrated approach to friction surfacing process optimisation

Friction surfacing is an advanced manufacturing process, which has been successfully developed and commercialised over the past decade. The process is used for corrosion and wear resistant coatings and for reclamation of worn engineering components. At present, the selection of process parameters for new coating materials or substrate geometries experimentally requires lengthy development work. The major requirement is for the flexibility to enable rapid changes of process parameters in order to develop new applications, with variations of materials and geometries in a cost effective and reliable manner. Further improvement requires development of appropriate mathematical models of the process, which will facilitate the introduction of optimisation techniques for efficient experimental work as well as the introduction of real time feedback adaptive control. This paper considers the use of combined artificial intelligence and modelling techniques. It includes a new frame of a Neurofuzzy-model based Decision Support System — FricExpert, which is aimed at speeding up the parameter selection process and to assist in obtaining values for cost effective development. Derived models can then be readily used for optimisation techniques, discussed in our earlier work.

/pdf/neurofuzzy-approach-to-process-parameter-selection-for-b086ig0cz6.pdf

G.M. Bedford

Papers

On the thermo-mechanical events during friction surfacing of high speed steels

Decision support system to optimise the Frictec (friction surfacing) process

An integrated approach to friction surfacing process optimisation

Neurofuzzy approach to process parameter selection for friction surfacing applications