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Nanodiamonds have excellent mechanical and optical properties, high surface areas and tunable surface structures. They are also non-toxic, which makes them well suited to biomedical applications. Here we review the synthesis, structure, properties, surface chemistry and phase transformations of individual nanodiamonds and clusters of nanodiamonds. In particular we discuss the rational control of the mechanical, chemical, electronic and optical properties of nanodiamonds through surface doping, interior doping and the introduction of functional groups. These little gems have a wide range of potential applications in tribology, drug delivery, bioimaging and tissue engineering, and also as protein mimics and a filler material for nanocomposites.

The properties and applications of nanodiamonds

Keywords: Fragmentation Chain-Transfer ; Self-Assembled Monolayers ; Walled Carbon Nanotubes ; Well-Defined Polymer ; Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization ; Block-Copolymer Brushes ; Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Brushes ; Transfer Raft Polymerization ; Quartz-Crystal Microbalance ; Poly(Acrylic Acid) Brushes Reference EPFL-REVIEW-148464doi:10.1021/cr900045aView record in Web of Science Record created on 2010-04-23, modified on 2017-05-10

Polymer Brushes via Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, and Applications

Understanding how light interacts with matter at the nanometre scale is a fundamental issue in optoelectronics and nanophotonics. In particular, many applications (such as bio-sensing, cancer therapy and all-optical signal processing) rely on surface-bound optical excitations in metallic nanoparticles. However, so far no experimental technique has been capable of imaging localized optical excitations with sufficient resolution to reveal their dramatic spatial variation over one single nanoparticle. Here, we present a novel method applied on silver nanotriangles, achieving such resolution by recording maps of plasmons in the near-infrared/visible/ultraviolet domain using electron beams instead of photons. This method relies on the detection of plasmons as resonance peaks in the energy-loss spectra of subnanometre electron beams rastered on nanoparticles of well-defined geometrical parameters. This represents a significant improvement in the spatial resolution with which plasmonic modes can be imaged, and provides a powerful tool in the development of nanometre-level optics.

Mapping surface plasmons on a single metallic nanoparticle

In recent years, tools for the development of new drugs have been dramatically improved. These include genomic and proteomic research, numerous biophysical methods, combinatorial chemistry and screening technologies. In addition, early ADMET studies are employed in order to significantly reduce the failure rate in the development of drug candidates. As a consequence, the lead finding, lead optimization and development process has gained marked enhancement in speed and efficiency. In parallel to this development, major pharma companies are increasingly outsourcing many components of drug discovery research to biotech companies. All these measures are designed to address the need for a faster time to market. New screening methodologies have contributed significantly to the efficiency of the drug discovery process. The conventional screening of single compounds or compound libraries has been dramatically accelerated by high throughput screening methods. In addition, in silico screening methods allow the evaluation of virtual compounds. A wide range of new lead finding and lead optimization opportunities result from novel screening methods by NMR, which are the topic of this review article.

Drug Discovery Today

A procedure for the photochemical chlorination of nanodiamond by molecular chlorine in the liquid phase was proposed. This process was studied quantitatively for the first time. Hydrolytic stability of the chlorinated nanodiamond surface in air and in a 0.05 M solution of NaOH was determined. A possibility of disintegration of the initial aggregates (<60 µm) to finer aggregates (<200 nm) was shown. The reactions of a series of C-nucleophiles (organolithium reagents, CN− ion) with the chlorinated surface were carried out.

Photochemical chlorination of nanodiamond and interaction of its modified surface with C-nucleophiles

Dual reaction capacity of hydrogenated nanodiamond

The results of studies of the structure of chemically modified detonation-synthesized nanodiamond (ND) particles by a set of physical and chemical methods are reported. It is shown that the crystal structure, size, and the paramagnetic properties of the particles persist during chemical modification processes. No nondiamond sp2 carbon is observed in the composition of the particles. The first experimental evidence for the uniform distribution of nitrogen impurities in the detonation-synthesized nanodiamond particles is presented.

The structure of chemically modified detonation-synthesized nanodiamond particles

Analysis of published and author’s own experimental data provides convincing evidence for the theoretical possibility to create drug delivery systems on the basis of detonation nanodiamonds and for the promise such systems hold for commercialization and practical application.

Detonation Diamond—A Perspective Carrier for Drug Delivery Systems

The surface of a carbonyl iron powder was chemically modified with functional triethoxysilanes and ethyl n-alkylphosphonates. The grafted layers were examined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and conductivity measurements.

G. V. Lisichkin

Papers

Photochemical chlorination of nanodiamond and interaction of its modified surface with C-nucleophiles

Dual reaction capacity of hydrogenated nanodiamond

The structure of chemically modified detonation-synthesized nanodiamond particles

Detonation Diamond—A Perspective Carrier for Drug Delivery Systems

Chemical modification of the surface of a carbonyl iron powder