Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Final Report to the European Commission

Book review of Ellen M. Immergut, Health Politics, Interests and Institutions in Western Europe

Das Experteninterview ist eines der am haufigsten eingesetzten Verfahren in der empirischen Sozialforschung. Es kommt sowohl als eigenstandiges Verfahren als auch im Rahmen einer Methodentriangulation zur Anwendung. Bereiche, in denen besonders haufig von Experteninterviews Gebrauch gemacht wird, sind die industriesoziologische Forschung, die Organisationsforschung, die Bildungsforschung und die Politikforschung. Lange Zeit erfolgten die Durchfuhrung und die Auswertung von Experteninterviews in Gestalt eines methodologischen Pragmatismus. Die Forschungspraxis war von einer gewissen “Hemdsarmeligkeit“ gepragt. Der Haufigkeit der Anwendung des Verfahrens korrespondierte keine methodologische Reflexion, die sich um eine Bestimmung der Besonderheiten des Experteninterviews gegenuber anderen Interviewverfahren bemuhte. Die Folge ist eine gewisse “Unubersichtlichkeit und Uneinheitlichkeit in der Auffassung und Darstellung von Experteninterviews“ (Mieg/Brunner 2004: 199; ahnlich Bogner/Menz 2002a: 20). Dies gilt gleichermasen fur die deutsche wie die internationale Forschungslandschaft.

Das Experteninterview — konzeptionelle Grundlagen und methodische Anlage

Expert interviews are a good example of the way in which the everyday practice of social research and theoretical consideration of this practice do not always run parallel to one another. The use of particular methods sometimes precedes their general theoretical reflection. For many years, the widely held view was that expert interviews were conducted frequently but only rarely thought through (Meuser and Nagel, 1991). Only in recent years has the debate about expert interviews gradually become more concrete (see Bogner and Menz, 2008). However, this has certainly not led to a situation in which the different definitions and methodological conceptions of expert interviews have moved closer together. Even today there are disputes not only about how expert interviews can be placed on a secure methodological footing, but also about whether this is even possible in principle.

The Theory-Generating Expert Interview: Epistemological Interest, Forms of Knowledge, Interaction

In many policy areas demands for enhanced citizen participation have been met in the last twenty years or so. Recently, the participatory discourse has entered the till then highly expert-oriented debates over science and technology policy-making. In the field of technology assessment in particular, different types of participatory procedures have been developed that aim to include stakeholders, those directly affected and/or the general public at local, national, or even supranational level. Numerous procedures have been employed—above all with regard to social conflicts over biotechnology—in many European countries, but also elsewhere in the world.The debate on participatory technology assessment (pTA) is influenced by an almost romanticising picture. Participatory procedures are believed to (1) increase the motivation of those involved, (2) enhance the knowledge and values basis of policy-making, (3) initiate a process of social learning, (4) open up opportunities for conflict resolution and achieving the common good, and (5) improve the level of acceptance and legitimacy of political decisions. A more direct relation between citizens and policy-makers shall foster democracy and accountability. I argue that these claims are based on a reductionism of what ‘true’ democracy is, i.e. deliberative democracy, whereas empirical research on the impacts of participatory procedures displays a more differentiated picture. Participatory procedures are still in an experimental stage; their linkages to the institutions of representative democracy vary from case to case and from country to country—and are, by and large, weak. Consequently, many procedures have, at best, a limited impact on the socio-technological conflict and its resolution. I claim that participatory procedures do not per se improve the democratic legitimacy and accountability of policy-making. In order to do so, their linkage to the political system has to be reconsidered and improved—empirically as well as conceptually.

Citizen Involvement in Public Policy-making: Does it Improve Democratic Legitimacy and Accountability? The Case of pTA

Contents Acknowledgements List of Tables, Figures and Boxes List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Notes on Contributors Introduction: Studying the European Union from a Gender Perspective G.Abels & J.M.Mushaben PART I: GENDERING PERSPECTIVES AND EU PROCESSES Gendering Theories of European Integration A.Kronsell Gendering the Institutions and Actors of the EU A.van der Vleuten Gendering the EU Policy Process and Constructing the Gender Acquis B.Locher From Equal Treatment to Gender Mainstreaming and Diversity Management A.E.Woodward Gendering Enlargement of the European Union Y.Galligan & S.Clavero PART II: MELIORATING OLD AND NEW EU POLICY DEFICITS AND BLIND SPOTS The Common Agricultural Policy and Gender Equality E.Prugl Gendering Employment Policy: From Equal Pay to Work-life Balance A.Hubert Gendering the Social Policy Agenda: Anti-discrimination, Social Inclusion and Social Protection M.Stratigaki Research by, for and about Women: Gendering Science and Research Policy G.Abels Women on the Move: EU Migration and Citizenship Policy J.M.Mushaben Conclusion: Rethinking the Double Democratic Deficit of the EU J.M.Mushaben & G.Abels References Index

Gendering the European Union : new approaches to old democratic deficits

Gendering the European Union

The constructivist concept of obraz vraga (‘image of the enemy’) is invoked to analyse the 2004–2008 period when Putin was holding Russia up as a strong state. Snetkov persuasively contends that this frame captured the nature of the Kremlin regime in the years following the defeat of the Chechen separatists but before the one-term presidency of Dmitry Medvedev. At that time Russia had become concerned with the West’s rapidly expanding role in international affairs, spearheaded by President George W. Bush’s administration, and with the colour revolutions emerging in the post-Soviet space. ‘In response, the regime widened its obraz vraga to include any actor or group—domestic or foreign—that questioned the course and direction chosen for Russia by the Putin regime’ (p. 106). This particular use of a social construction holds much explanatory potential, and it might have proved especially illuminating had the author also applied it to the tumultuous events of 2014. Snetkov’s volume provides a rich investigative agenda for the Russian security specialist. Topics include the modernisation thrust that Medvedev favoured while in power; the resecuritisation of Russia’s internal space implemented by Putin on his re-election to the presidency in 2012; and the emergence of Ramzan Kadyrov as the strongman of the Caucasus and the ‘Ramzanification’ programme that divided the region. The author’s contention that images and self-images of Russia and Chechnya changed dramatically between 1999 and 2014 is unassailable. While in all likelihood this owed more to Russia bombing Chechen rebels into submission, that is, use of hard power—an issue underemphasised in this book—than to shifting threat perceptions or variable social constructions of the Other, Snetkov’s research unambiguously signals how valuable it can be to study Russia’s security challenges using multiple analytical lenses.

A ‘Macro-regional’ Europe in the Making. Theoretical Approaches and Empirical Evidence

To critical consumers living in the European Union (EU),1 18 April 2004 was a decisive date. New EU regulations became operational. Together with previous laws, they established the most restrictiv...

Gabriele Abels

Papers

Citizen Involvement in Public Policy-making: Does it Improve Democratic Legitimacy and Accountability? The Case of pTA

Gendering the European Union : new approaches to old democratic deficits

Gendering the European Union

A ‘Macro-regional’ Europe in the Making. Theoretical Approaches and Empirical Evidence

The long and winding road from Asilomar to Brussels: science, politics and the public in biotechnology and regulation.