다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

The talk with present the key results of the IPCC Working Group III 5th assessment report. Concluding four years of intense scientific collaboration by hundreds of authors from around the world, the report responds to the request of the world's governments for a comprehensive, objective and policy neutral assessment of the current scientific knowledge on mitigating climate change. The report has been extensively reviewed by experts and governments to ensure quality and comprehensiveness.

Climate change 2014 - Mitigation of climate change

The adaptive hypothesis predicts that contextual factors and past thermal history modify building occupants' thermal expectations and preferences. One of the predictions of the adaptive hypothesis is that people in warm climate zones prefer warmer indoor temperatures than people living in cold climate zones. This is contrary to the static assumptions underlying the current ASHRAE comfort standard 55-92. To examine the adaptive hypothesis and its implications for Standard 55-92, the ASHRAE RP-884 project assembled a quality-controlled database from thermal comfort field experiments worldwide (circa 21,000 observations from 160 buildings). Our statistical analysis examined the semantics of thermal comfort in terms of thermal sensation, acceptability, and preference, as a function of both indoor and outdoor temperature. Optimum indoor temperatures tracked both prevailing indoor and outdoor temperatures, as predicted by the adaptive hypothesis. The static predicted means vote (PMV) model was shown to be partially adaptive by accounting for behavioral adjustments, and fully explained adaptation occurring in HVAC buildings. Occupants in naturally ventilated buildings were tolerant of a significantly wider range of temperatures, explained by a combination of both behavioral adjustment and psychological adaptation. These results formed the basis of a proposal for a variable indoor temperature standard.

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Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference - eScholarship

Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings

Within the Center for the Built Environment (CBE) and in the greater building research and engineering community, there is growing interest in low energy cooling strategies that take advantage of natural ventilation. To support this rising interest, there is an associated need for more sophisticated models of occupant control of windows. All too often, existing models rely on simplifications that fit occupant behavior into standard control schedules that lack the responsiveness to environmental conditions demonstrated by real people in real buildings. This report is intended to bring these issues to the attention of the CBE audience, and to provide a summary of the origin, implementation, and applicability of the surprising variety of models predicting occupant window control now emerging in the academic literature.

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Occupant Control of Windows: Accounting for Human Behavior in Building Simulation

Impact of outdoor air quality on the natural ventilation usage of commercial buildings in the US

The objective of this project was to study the operational control strategies for mixed-mode buildings, with a focus on: 1) developing a framework for understanding issues that guide the decision-making process that informs mixed-mode buildings, and 2) identifying and documenting example control algorithms used in existing buildings. We examined buildings that use a combination of manual and automatic control of windows and mechanical system components and the indoor and/or outdoor environmental conditions used as inputs into their control algorithms.

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Summary Report: Control Strategies for Mixed-Mode Buildings

Recently proposed revisions to ASHRAE Standard 55, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, include a new adaptive comfort standard (ACS) that allows warmer indoor temperatures for naturally ventilated buildings during summer. The ACS is based on the analysis of 21,000 sets of raw data compiled from field studies in 160 buildings, both airconditioned and naturally ventilated, located on four continents in varied climatic zones. This paper summarizes this earlier research, presents some of its findings for naturally ventilated buildings, and discusses the process of getting the ACS incorporated into Std. 55. We suggest ways the ACS could be used for the design, operation, or evaluation of buildings, and for research applications. We also use GIS mapping technology to examine the energy-savings potential of the ACS on a regional scale. Finally, we discuss related new directions for researchers and practitioners involved in the design of buildings and their environmental control systems.

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Climate, comfort, & natural ventilation: a new adaptive comfort standard for ASHRAE standard 55 - eScholarship

“Mixed-mode” refers to a hybrid approach to space conditioning that uses a combination of natural ventilation from operable windows (either manually or automatically controlled), and mechanical systems that provide air distribution and some form of cooling (air-conditioning, radiant cooling, etc) By utilizing mechanical cooling only when and where it is necessary to supplement the natural ventilation, a well-designed mixed-mode building offers the potential to improve the indoor environmental quality while minimizing the significant energy and operating costs of air-conditioning But there is limited information about the performance of mixed-mode buildings, particularly with regard to occupant satisfaction, and this can potentially be a powerful part of the argument to avoid or minimize the use of air-conditioning This paper describes the results of web-based surveys conducted in 12 mixed-mode buildings, in comparison to our overall benchmarking survey database of 370 buildings, with over 43,000 individual responses The survey focuses on seven areas of indoor environmental performance, including thermal comfort, air quality, acoustics, lighting, cleanliness, spatial layout, and office furnishings The data shows that only 11% of the 370 buildings, most of which have conventional air-conditioning systems, are meeting the intent of the thermal comfort standards to achieve 80% satisfaction in the buildings In comparison, the mixed-mode buildings are performing exceptionally well compared to the overall building stock, especially with regard to thermal comfort and air quality Among the mixed-mode buildings, the best performers were those that were in more moderate climates, were newer, had radiant cooling or mechanical ventilation only (instead of an air-cooled system), and allowed high degrees of direct user control without changeover window interlock systems

Gail Brager

Papers

Occupant Control of Windows: Accounting for Human Behavior in Building Simulation

Impact of outdoor air quality on the natural ventilation usage of commercial buildings in the US

Summary Report: Control Strategies for Mixed-Mode Buildings

Climate, comfort, & natural ventilation: a new adaptive comfort standard for ASHRAE standard 55 - eScholarship

Occupant satisfaction in mixed-mode buildings.