© 2018 ФГБОУ ВО МГППУ «Московский государственный психолого-педагогический университет» © 2018 Moscow State University of Psychology & Education E-journal «Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology» 2018, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 90—99. doi: 10.17759/jmfp.2018070209 ISSN: 2304-4977 (online) Электронный журнал «Современная зарубежная психология» 2018. Том 7. No 2. С. 90—99. doi: 10.17759/jmfp.2018070209 ISSN: 2304-4977 (online)

Анализ конструктивно-технологических ограничений при проектировании лавинных фотодиодов, работающих в режиме счета фотонов

THE AMERICAN PRESENT IS AT ODDS with representations of the American past. The American present witnesses the steady aggrandizement of executive, administrative, emergency, penal, military, and war powers as contemporary commentators such as Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, and Giorgio Agamben contemplate the contours of American hegemony and superpower in a new era of empire.1 The global impact of present American politics, political economy, and foreign policy is obvious to any casual observer of current affairs. The story of the American past, on the other hand, continues to be told in narratives that seem to be heading off somewhere else. In place of the growth of power, the history that America most frequently tells itself highlights a story of relative powerlessness-a usually benign tale of legal-political self-abnegation, emphasizing constitutional restraints such as federalism, checks and balances, the separation of powers, limited government, the rule of law, and laissezfaire. When presented more positively, American history is usually framed as a quest for freedom-the struggle for political liberty, emancipation from bondage, the rise of civil, economic, and social rights. Property, contract, and freedom of speech, press, and association form the constitutional backbone of a free market, a vigorous civil society, and a democratic polity-hallmarks of a free people. Oddly, key elements of this tale are kept alive in both older political histories of the liberal tradition in America and newer histories highlighting the rights and agency of particular cultural communities. Coming to terms with the historical rise of the mechanisms of legal, political, economic, corporate, and technological power that currently shape so much of the globe is thus a more difficult task than it should be. A true philosophical and political history of the American present continues to elude historians.2

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The Myth of the “Weak” American State

Social Class: How Does it Work?

The origins and legacy of the Housing Act of 1949 reflect the conflicting impulses of the political leaders who created it and the complexity of the forces it attempted to control. Its history is studded with contradictions. Through its public housing program, the act provided housing for low‐income families; through its urban redevelopment program, it cleared slums and destroyed affordable housing units. Twenty‐five years after its passage, many observers concluded that public housing and urban renewal programs were fostering the slums and blight they were meant to eradicate. Even as policy makers abandoned the methods the act prescribed and adopted one housing and redevelopment program after another, they adhered resolutely to its goals. Hence, although its programs have been deemed failures, the vision of the Housing Act of 1949—to revitalize American cities and provide a decent home for every American family—remains undimmed.

A study in contradictions: The origins and legacy of the housing act of 1949

Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era

The basic shape of American federal policy in housing as in many other areas, was determined during the New Deal, but not without conflict among movements and intellectuals advocating alternative directions. One of these was "modern housing" - a set of proposals for a radical rethinking of homes and neighbourhoods. Supporters of this approach hoped that a significant proportion of American homes could be provided by a broadly targeted, noncommercial housing sector, supported by the federal government. They urged comprehensively planned neighbourhoods with generous public spaces, a range of public services, and resident participation in design and administration. While modern housing ideas failed to define the long-term thrust of federal policy, they did influence a short-lived programme of the Public Works Administration, seen in the case studies of the Carl Mackley Houses of Philadelphia and Harlem River houses of New York. The author concludes with a chapter on the long-range impact of New Deal policy on American politics and the legacy of the modern housing initiative for contemporary public policy debates.

Modern housing for America : policy struggles in the New Deal era

From Municipal Socialism to Public Authorities: Institutional Factors in the Shaping of American Public Enterprise

In the late nineteenth century, public officials throughout the United States began to experiment with new methods of managing their local economies and meeting the infrastructure needs of a newly urban, industrial nation. Stymied by legal barriers, they created a new class of quasipublic agencies called public authorities. Today these entities operate at all levels of government, and range from tiny operations like the Springfield Parking Authority in Massachusetts, which runs thirteen parking lots and garages, to mammoth enterprises like the Tennessee Valley Authority, with nearly twelve billion dollars in revenue each year. In "The Rise of the Public Authority", Gail Radford recounts the history of these inscrutable government corporations, examining the ways they were established and the unprecedented powers that they have exercised over the last hundred years. Radford has mapped this institutional terra incognita, giving readers a grand tour of these institutions and the way that they operate, making a substantial contribution to our understanding of these pervasive but elusive mechanisms - and their implications for American political development.

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Gail Radford

Papers

Modern housing for America : policy struggles in the New Deal era

Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era

From Municipal Socialism to Public Authorities: Institutional Factors in the Shaping of American Public Enterprise

The Rise of the Public Authority: Statebuilding and Economic Development in Twentieth-Century America

Modern housing for America