Boron containing compounds as protease inhibitors.

In Brief 

The pathophysiology of the link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is complex and multifactorial. Understanding these profound mechanisms of disease can help clinicians identify and treat CVD in patients with diabetes, as well as help patients prevent these potentially devastating complications. This article reviews the biological basis of the link between diabetes and CVD, from defects in the vasculature to the cellular and molecular mechanisms specific to insulin-resistant states and hyperglycemia. It concludes with a discussion of heart failure in diabetes, a clinical entity that demonstrates many of the mechanisms discussed.

https://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/content/diaspect/21/3/160.full.pdf

The Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Beyond Blood Pressure and Lipids

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the cause of one third of deaths worldwide and this will progress because of increasing CVD's risk factors. The most basic task of dealing with the ep i- demic of CVD is primary prevention of risk factors. As Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) is a strong marker to predict the risk of atheros clerosis and coronary heart disease, we assessed the corr e- lation between AIP and other important factors. Methods: This cross -sectional study was a part of national non l- ysis was performed u sing SPSS version 11. In all calculations, p <0.05 was considered as statistically significant level. Results: The study population consisted of 500 men and 500 women with mean±SD age 41.9±14.2 years. According to the AIP category, 9.8% (98) were in low risk group, 12.7% (127) were in inte r- mediate risk and 77.5% (775) were in increased risk of CVD. AIP was significantly correlated with waist circumference (r=0.35, p<0.001), BMI (r= 0.33, p<0.001) and physical activity (r= -0.09, p<0.01). Conclusion: AIP can be used as a regular monitoring index of CVD in every day practice, especia l-

/pdf/atherogenic-index-of-plasma-aip-a-marker-of-cardiovascular-4845smha9f.pdf

Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP): A marker of cardiovascular disease.

Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Setaria italica seeds in STZ diabetic rats.

Background. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was found to be one of the strongest markers in predicting the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This study was to determine the AIP and its relationship with other CVD risk factors. Materials and Methods. This cross-sectional study was done among 349 staff of a public university in Sarawak. Data were collected using questionnaire, blood sampling, and anthropometric and blood pressure measurement. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20. Results. A total of 349 respondents participated with majority females (66.8%), aged 38.5 ± 7.82 years. Nearly 80% of the respondents were overweight and obese, 87.1% with high and very high body fat, and 46.9% with abnormal visceral fat. For AIP category, 8.9% were found to be in intermediate and 16.4% were at high risk. Elevated lipid profile showed that total cholesterol (TC) is 15.5%, low density lipoprotein (LDL) is 16.1%, and triglyceride (TG) is 10.6%. AIP was significantly correlated with body mass index ( ), visceral fat ( ), TC ( ), LDL (0.24), HDL ( ), TG ( ), glucose ( ), systolic blood pressure ( ), and diastolic blood pressure ( ). Conclusion. It indicated that AIP is associated with other CVD risk factors. Modification of lifestyle is strongly recommended.

/pdf/understanding-the-relationship-between-atherogenic-index-of-4xajkc9nky.pdf

Understanding the Relationship between Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Staff of an University in Malaysia.

Lipid disorders are common in diabetes mellitus (DM), and play crucial roles in the development of diabetic cardiovascular complications. Diabetic dyslipidemia is characterized by hypertriglyceridemia, increased levels of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), small dense low density lipoprotein (LDL), and decreased levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. The activity of lipoprotein lipase is reduced in diabetic patients, which attenuates the lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and the uptake of free fatty acids. The increased uptake of triglycerides in liver promotes the production of VLDL. Hypertriglyceridemia promotes the exchange of cholesteryl ester from HDL to VLDL or LDL for triglycerides. Obesity or nephropathy deteriorates the dyslipidemia in DM patients. The initial management of lipid disorders in diabetic patients without cardiovascular disease is lifestyle intervention and glucose control. The abnormalities in the metabolism of LDL or HDL in diabetic patients often require pharmacological intervention. Target of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) is more restrict in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic subjects. Treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) effectively reduces LDL-c and cardiac events, and that was associated with moderately increases in HDL-c. The combination of ezetimibe with a statin helps to achieve LDL-c target in patients with unsatisfactory cholesterol lowering by statin alone. Fibrates (PPAR-α agonists) or PPAR-γ agonists reduce the levels of triglycerides and moderately elevate HDL-c. PPAR-γ agonists also improve insulin sensitivity. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors may dramatically increase HDL-c. Lipid management has been considered as an effective approach to reduce cardiovascular risk in diabetes.

Garry X. Shen

Papers

Lipid Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus and Current Management