Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

largely absent in French culture generate, although both were socially and educationally conservative concepts by World War I. Ringer convincingly argues that German academics, who denounced almost without exception the evils of \"positivism,\" were really opposing materialist and natural-science methods in the humanities and social sciences and worried about the eroding effect on the unity of knowledge posed by overspecialization. By contrast, in France, positivism was \"an orthodox philosophy of science and the methodological underpinning of republican social and political doctrines\" (p. 211). There was also a reaction to positivism in France at the beginning of the twentieth century, drawing on some of the same arguments current in Germany and reflecting a socially conservative agenda. Ringer also has interesting suggestions about classicism and modernism in the narrower educational as well as the broader cultural sense, about the similarities and differences between higher educational systems, and about differing structures of the bourgeoisie and social origins of academic ideology in the two countries. Significantly and appropriately, Ringer attacks many old myths about the differences between their modern cultures that were inflated by political animosities, as in World War I. On the other hand, as a good comparativist should, he points out important differences in the traditions and circumstances of the two countries that led to sometimes different ways of pegging the \"fields of knowledge,\" the arena of intellectual debate. Although the book is primarily focused on France, its side views and comparisons to Germany are most valuable in themselves. And it is heartening to see that some historians actually undertake international comparisons of this complexity, rather than merely bewail the lack of them.

http://archive.neicon.ru/xmlui//bitstream/123456789/4317843/1/GermanHistorygh_11_3_11-3-404.pdf

A Nation of Provincials. The German Idea of Heimat

German Nationalism and Religious Conflict: Culture, Ideology, Politics 1870-1914.

Introduction: the sociopolitical background \"burgfrieden\" and law of siege. Part 1 The old regime and the dilemmas of total war: the production, manpower, and social policies of the Prussian War Ministry, 1914-1916 - the War Ministry and its leaders, the KRA, production policy and procurement, the battle for manpower, the conflict over social policy the army and the internal crisis, 1914-1916 - image and reality - the food problem, bureaucracy, army and the social consequences of the war, the new supreme command. Part 2 Total mobilization and interest-group politics: Hindenburg program and war office - the triumph of heavy industry - the Hindenburg program, military reorganization and civilian mobilization, the war office the auxilliary service bill and the triumph of labour - the struggle with the bureaucracy, the demands of the interest groups, the budget committee transforms the bill, the Reichstag debate. Part 3 The war office under the leadership of General Groener: the war office and the problems of production and organization, December 1916-August 1917 - the transportation and coal crises, the failure of the Hindenburg program, the shutting down and consolidation of industries, the war office and the food problem, organizational problems and competing bureaucracies the war office and the social problem 1 - the failure of the auxilliary service law and the first major strikes - the labour problem, the dilemmas of paragraph 9, the war office and the unions, war office conflicts with industry and the OHL, the April strikes the war office and the social problem 2 - the great crisis and the dismissal of Groener, May-August 1917 - the intensification of social conflict, the army and the great crisis, the attack upon Groener, the fall of Groener. Part 4 The failure of the army: the Ludendorff \"dictatorship\", August 1917-February 1918 - attempts to reform the auxilliary service law, Koeth's triumph, the uncertain dictatorship, the OHL and the great strikes Germany in the concluding months of the war - the defeat and the search for a scapegoat - the social consequences of the war, army and society, a final demand for total mobilization, \"stab in the back\" and \"revolution from above\".

Army, Industry, and Labor in Germany, 1914-1918

The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth, and Mobilization in Germany

From its creation during the Wars of Unification (1864-71) until its defeat at the end of the First World War, the German army remained a federal institution. To be sure, the imperial constitution recognized the Kaiser as commander-in-chief of Germany’s land forces. Under the Kaiser’s direction, the Prussian war ministry prepared the military budget and the Prussian General Staff drafted operational plans for future wars. A patchwork of military agreements nevertheless limited the authority of the Kaiser and Prussia’s military leaders over nearly onequarter of the German army. According to these agreements, separate war ministries, cadet schools, and general staffs oversaw the arming, clothing, feeding, housing, and training of Bavarians, Saxons, and Württembergers, while the monarchs of Germany’s three smaller kingdoms determined personnel appointments, the deployment of units, and even the design of insignia and uniforms. The army’s contingent-based structure ensured that Prussians and non-Prussians served alongside, but only rarely with, one another after 1871. Based on research in archives and libraries in Germany, Austria, England, and the United States, this dissertation explores the means by which the smaller armies of Bavaria,

/pdf/in-the-service-of-kaiser-and-king-state-sovereignty-nation-hzd4qm9t2w.pdf

Gavin John Wiens

Papers

In the Service of Kaiser and King: State Sovereignty, Nation-building, and the German Army, 1866-1918

The Imperial German Army Between Kaiser and King: Monarchy, Nation-Building, and War, 1866-1918