There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Piper nigrum L. is considered the king of spices throughout the world due to its pungent principle piperine. Peppercorn of Piper nigrum as a whole or its active components are used in most of the food items. Different parts of Piper nigrum including secondary metabolites are also used as drug, preservative, insecticidal and larvicidal control agents. Biologically Piper nigrum is very important specie. The biological role of this specie is explained in different experiments that peppercorn and secondary metabolites of Piper nigrum can be used as Antiapoptotic, Antibacterial, Anti-Colon toxin, Antidepressant, Antifungal, Antidiarrhoeal, Anti-inflammatory, Antimutagenic, Anti-metastatic activity, Antioxidative, Antiriyretic, Antispasmodic, Antispermatogenic, Antitumor, Antithyroid, Ciprofloxacin potentiator, Cold extremities, Gastric ailments, Hepatoprotective, Insecticidal activity, Intermittent fever and Larvisidal activity. Other roles of this specie includes protection against diabetes induced oxidative stress; Piperine protect oxidation of various chemicals, decreased mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, inhibition of aryl hydroxylation, increased bioavailability of vaccine and sparteine, increase the bioavailability of active compounds, delayed elimination of antiepileptic drug, increased orocecal transit time, piperine influenced and activate the biomembrane to absorb variety of active agents, increased serum concentration, reducing mutational events, tumour inhibitory activity, Piperine inhibite mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, growth stimulatory activity and chemopreventive effect. This review based on the biological role of Piper nigrum can provide that the peppercorn or other parts can be used as crude drug for various diseases while the secondary metabolites such as piperine can be used for specific diseases.

http://naturalingredient.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/10.1.1.474.3674.pdf

Biological role of Piper nigrum L. (Black pepper): A review

In the present review article various control methods for stored grain insects are discussed in detail and an emphasis was made to use non-chemical methods. Stored grain infestation is a very serious problem as various life stages of insects cause economic damage and deteriorates the quality of food grains and food products. There are number of stored grain insect pests that infest food grains in farmer stores and public ware houses and massively surge due to un-controlled environmental conditions and poor ware housing technology used. However, for suppression of multiplying insect population highly specific and more appropriate modern methods are to be used. Few important methods such as microwave and ionizing irradiation, pheromone baited traps, IGRs and use of entomopathogens are proved highly effective against stored grain insects. Over these methods, repellents and oviposition inhibitors isolated from various plant speices are considered as much safer in comparision to synthetic pesticides. These natural pesticides have no side effect and are biodegradable in natural environment. However, non-residual non-persistent and less toxic bio-organic pesticides should be used that may not affect the quality of food grains. Besides this, low pressure and low temperature treatments are proved much safer pest management tools that represent a potential alternative of fumigants to control coleopteran and lepidopteran insects. However, for an effective control of stored grain insects various parasitoids, predators, pathogens and other living organisms are employed in natural conditions to suppress the pest population. For better protection of stored grian control computer based decision support system should be used to predict damage and operation requirements for a timely control. In addition, both biological and non-biological factors and their effects must be evaluated to check the possible infestation during storage. Therefore, selected control strategies must be integrated for effective management of stored grain insects.

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Management Strategies for Control of Stored Grain Insect Pests in Farmer Stores and Public Ware Houses

The present study was designed to investigate the antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts of four Cameroonian edible plants, locally used to treat microbial infections, and their synergistic effects with antibiotics against a panel of twenty nine Gram-negative bacteria including Multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotypes expressing active efflux pumps. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts [alone and in the presence of the efflux pumps inhibitor (EPI) Phenylalanine-Arginine β- Naphtylamide (PAβN)], and those of antibiotics in association with the two of the most active ones, Piper nigrum and Telfairia occidentalis. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts was conducted according to the standard phytochemical methods. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids in all studied extracts. Other chemical classes of secondary metabolites were selectively present in the extracts. The results of the MIC determination indicated that the crude extracts from P. nigrum and V. amygdalina were able to inhibit the growth of all the twenty nine studied bacteria within a concentration range of 32 to 1024 μg/mL. At a similar concentration range (32 to 1024 μg/mL) the extract from T. occidentalis inhibited the growth of 93.1% of the tested microorganisms. At MIC/2 and MIC/5, synergistic effects were noted between the extracts from P. nigrum and T. occidentalis and seven of the tested antibiotics on more than 70% of the tested bacteria. The overall results of the present study provide information for the possible use of the studied edible plants extracts in the control of bacterial infections including MDR phenotypes.

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In Vitro antibacterial and antibiotic-potentiation activities of four edible plants against multidrug-resistant gram-negative species

The essential oils have been widely used as antiparasitical, bactericidal, fungicidal, antivirus and insecticidal. On the other hand the main method to control insect pest is using synthetic pesticides, but the development of insect resistance to this products, the high operational cost and environmental pollution have created the need for developing alternative approaches to control many insects pest, and in this sense the essential oils are an alternative to control many insects. This work is a review for the last five years, which shows the main essential oils from 30 botanical families with activity against coleopterans insect pest in stored grains. It was found that 22 species belong to the family Lamiaceae 17 of Asteraceae and 10 of Myrtaceae

	 

	Key words: Insecticidal, fumigant, repellent, antifeedant, activity, alternative.

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Activity of essential oils as a biorational alternative to control coleopteran insects in stored grains.

The essential oil of Piper nigrum (L.) was evaluated for its repellent, insecticidal and developmental inhibitory activities against an important wheat grain pest Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Adults of T. castaneum were repelled significantly by P. nigrum at 0.2% concentration (v:v) and above in filter paper test. The LC50 values for larvae and adults were calculated to be 14.022 µl and 15.262 µl respectively. The oil had shown a dose response relationship as the larval and adult mortality increased while the larval survival and adult emergence decreased with increase in the concentration of essential oil. Effective concentration (EC50) of P. nigrum oil to reduce the number of larvae transformed to pupae to 50% was found to be 6.919 µl.

Evaluation of biological activities of Piper nigrum oil against Tribolium castaneum

Capparis deciduas and its combinatorial mixtures were evaluated to observe the anti-termite efficacy against Indian white termite Odontotermes obesus. These have shown very high termiticidal activity and wood protection in the soil. It is proved by very low LD 50 values i.e. 0.0218mg/g and 0.021mg/g obtained in stem fractions CDS3 and CDS7 respectively. When other ingredients, were used to prepare combined mixtures with C. decidua these have shown synergistic action and caused very high termite mortality in termites. Besides this, both tag binding and wood seasoning experiments significantly cut down (p

/pdf/anti-termite-efficacy-of-capparis-decidua-and-its-4e3op38gfc.pdf

Anti-termite efficacy of Capparis decidua and its combinatorial mixtures for the control of Indian white termite Odontotermes obesus (Isoptera: Odontotermitidae) in Indian soil

In the present investigation, we have tested antitermite responses of Capparis decidua stem, root, flower, and fruit extracts and pure compounds to Odontotermes obesus in various bioassays. Crude stem extract has shown very high susceptibility and very low LD50 values, that is, 14.171 μg/mg in worker termites. From stem extract, three pure compounds were isolated in pure form namely, heneicosylhexadecanoate (CDS2), triacontanol (CDS3), and 2-carboxy-1, 1-dimethylpyrrolidine (CDS8) which have shown very low LD50 value in a range of 5.537–10.083 μg/mg. Similarly, one novel compound 6-(1-hydroxy-non-3-enyl)-tetrahydropyran-2-one (CDF1) was isolated from flower extract that has shown an LD50 8.08 μg/gm. Repellent action of compounds was tested in a Y-shaped glass olfactometer in which CDF1 compounds have significantly repelled termites to the opposite arm. Besides this, C. decidua extracts have shown significant reduction ( and 0.01) in termite infestation in garden saplings when it was coated on cotton tags and employed over tree trunks. Further, C. deciduas stem extract was used for wood seasoning, which gave very good results as test wood sticks have shown significantly ( and 0.01) very low termite infestation.

/pdf/antitermite-activities-of-c-decidua-extracts-and-pure-42oto0y88g.pdf

Gayatri Jaiswal

Papers

Evaluation of biological activities of Piper nigrum oil against Tribolium castaneum

Anti-termite efficacy of Capparis decidua and its combinatorial mixtures for the control of Indian white termite Odontotermes obesus (Isoptera: Odontotermitidae) in Indian soil

Antitermite Activities of C. decidua Extracts and Pure Compounds against Indian White Termite Odontotermes obesus (Isoptera: Odontotermitidae)