Studies of evidential marking Systems have occasionally noticed a peculiar category which is used to mark both hearsay or inference and certain kinds offirst-hand knowledge. Examination of a number of such Systems shows that this phenomenon represents a grammatical category distinctfrom evidentiality per se. This category, sometimes called mirative or admirative, has not hitherto been generally recognized in the theoretical or typological literature. The fundamental function of the category is to mark sentences which report Information which is new or surprising to the Speaker, regardless ofwhether the Information source isfirstor second-hand.

Mirativity: The grammatical marking of unexpected information

1. Introduction Part I. Theory: 2. The international politics of assimilation, accommodation, and exclusion Part II. Empirical Evidence: 3. Why the Balkans? 4. Cross-national variation: nation-building in post-World War I Balkans 5. Odd cases: analysis of outliers 6. Subnational variation: Greek nation-building in western Macedonia, 1916-20 7. Temporal variation: Serbian nation-building toward Albanians, 1878-1941 8. Application of the theory beyond the Balkans 9. Conclusion.

The Politics of Nation-Building: List of Figures, Maps, Tables, Graph, and Illustrations

This article presents a cultural and historical analysis of 20th-century Tibetan medicine In its expansion into the state bureaucracy, Tibetan medicine has acceded to institutional modernity through transformations in theory, practice, and methods for training physicians Despite Chinese rule in Tibet, however, Tibetan medicine has not yielded completely to state interests With the collapsing of the traditionally pluralistic Tibetan health system into the professional sector of Tibetan medicine, contemporary Tibetan medicine has become to the laity a font of ethnic revitalization and resistance to the modernization policies of the Chinese state These processes are particularly evident in the elaboration of disorders of rlung, a class of sicknesses that, collectively, have come to symbolize the suffering inherent in rapid social, economic, and political change

The Transformations of Tibetan Medicine

Narratives of the Tibetan resistance army are not a part of national history in the Tibetan exile community. Drawing on stories by veterans of the resistance to the Chinese invasion and the explanations they give of its absence in Tibetan national history, I argue that this history has been “arrested” because of the challenges it poses to normative versions of history and community and, in turn, to internal and external representations of Tibet. This practice signifies the postponing of narrating certain histories until a time in the future when the dangers they pose to sustaining a unified Tibetan community in exile has receded. This practice of historical (un)production offers insight into temporality and subjectivity, plural identities in the face of national hegemony, and why history might be considered a combination of truth, fear, and lies.

Truth, Fear, and Lies: Exile Politics and Arrested Histories of the Tibetan Resistance

(2001). Taiwan's Future: Mongolia or Tibet? Asian Affairs: An American Review: Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 233-245.

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Taiwan's future : Mongolia or Tibet?

The 'Tibetan Question', the nature of Tibet's political status vis-a-vis China, has been the subject of often bitterly competing views while the facts of the issue have not been fully accessible to interested observers. While one faction has argued that Tibet was, in the main, historically independent until it was conquered by the Chinese Communists in 1951 and incorporated into the new Chinese state, the other faction views Tibet as a traditional part of China that split away at the instigation of the British after the fall of the Manchu Dynasty and was later dutifully reunited with 'New China' in 1951. In contrast, this comprehensive study of modern Tibetan history presents a detailed, non-partisan account of the demise of the Lamaist state. Drawing on a wealth of British, American, and Indian diplomatic records; first-hand-historical accounts written by Tibetan participants; and extensive interviews with former Tibetan officials, monastic leaders, soldiers, and traders, Goldstein meticulously examines what happened and why. He balances the traditional focus on international relations with an innovative emphasis on the intricate web of internal affairs and events that produced the fall of Tibet. Scholars and students of Asian history will find this work an invaluable resource and interested readers will appreciate the clear explanation of highly polemicized, and often confusing, historical events.

A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State.

"Half of the words are read by implication." This Tibetan saying explains the main difficulty Westerners face in learning to read Tibetan fluently. This book will allow beginners to understand the logic of Tibetan grammar and syntax through graded readings and narrative explanations. The large glossary, which is indexed by page, will serve as an invaluable reference grammar for readers of Tibetan at all levels. The reading course includes a wide range of modern literary styles from literature, history, current affairs, newspapers, and even communist political essays.

Gelek Rimpoche

Papers

A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State.

Essentials of Modern Literary Tibetan: A Reading Course and Reference Grammar

The demise of the Lamaist state