Patriotism and politics before 1881 socialists and oppositional Englishness, 1881-1906 constructing British socialism, 1881-1906 the left, England and an imperial war the Labour party and parliament, 1906-1914 socialism and the German menace in Edwardian Britain the left, patriotism and the First World War, 1914-1917 the battle for British socialism, 1917-1921 Labour and the nation, 1917-1924.

Englishness, Patriotism and the British Left 1881-1924

The notion of 'representative democracy' seems unquestionably familiar today, but how did the Victorian era - the epoch when the modern democratic state was made - understand democracy, parliamentary representation, and diversity? In the famous nineteenth-century debates about representation and parliamentary reform, two interlocked ideals were of the greatest importance: descriptive representation, that the House of Commons 'mirror' the diversity that marked society, and deliberation within the legislative assembly. These ideals presented a major obstacle to the acceptance of a democratic suffrage, which it was widely feared would produce an unrepresentative and un-deliberative House of Commons. Here, Gregory Conti examines how the Victorians conceived the representative and deliberative functions of the House of Commons and what it meant for parliament to be the 'mirror of the nation'. Combining historical analysis and political theory, he analyses the fascinating nineteenth-century debates among contending schools of thought over the norms and institutions of deliberative representative government, and explores the consequences of recovering this debate.

Parliament the Mirror of the Nation: Representation, Deliberation, and Democracy in Victorian Britain

The Machine Has a Soul: American Sympathizers With Italian Fascism

II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III LIST	  OF	  FIGURES VI LIST	  OF	  TABLES VIII CHAPTER	  1:	  INTRODUCTION 1 SYMBIOSIS:	  THE	  IMPORTANCE	  OF	  MICROBIAL	  ASSOCIATIONS	  FOR	  ALL	  LIFE	   1 THE	  HOLOBIONT	  CONCEPT 2 INSECTS	  AS	  SYMBIOSIS	  MODEL	  SYSTEMS 4 THE	  TSETSE	  FLY 8 TSETSE	  MICROBIAL	  COMMUNITY 10 IMPACT	  OF	  ADDITIONAL	  MICROBES	  ON	  HOLOBIONT	  SUCCESS 14 METABOLIC	  INTERACTIONS	  AMONG	  MICROBIOTA 15 UNDERSTANDING	  THE	  TSETSE	  HOLOBIONT	  FOR	  ENHANCED	  VECTOR	  CONTROL	   16 CONCLUSIONS 20 REFERENCES 21 CHAPTER	  2:	  THE	  ROLE	  OF	  NUTRIENT	  (VITAMIN	  B1)	  PROVISIONING	  IN	  TSETSE	  SYMBIONT HOMEOSTASIS 46 CHAPTER	  2.1:	  NUTRIENT	  PROVISIONING	  FACILITATES	  HOMEOSTASIS	  BETWEEN	  TSETSE	  FLY (DIPTERA:	  GLOSSINIDAE)	  SYMBIONTS 46 ABSTRACT 46 INTRODUCTION 47 MATERIALS	  AND	  METHODS 50 RESULTS 55 DISCUSSION 59 REFERENCES 64 CHAPTER	  2.2:	  THE	  TSETSE	  FLY	  OBLIGATE	  MUTUALIST	  WIGGLESWORTHIA	  MORSITANS ALTERS	  GENE	  EXPRESSION	  AND	  POPULATION	  DENSITY	  WITH	  EXOGENOUS	  NUTRIENT PROVISIONING 78 ABSTRACT 78 INTRODUCTION 78 METHODS,	  RESULTS	  AND	  DISCUSSION 82 CONCLUSIONS 88 REFERENCES 91 CHAPTER	  3:	  THE	  INFLUENCE	  OF	  WIGGLESWORTHIA	  METABOLOME	  DISTINCTIONS	  TOWARDS TSETSE	  BIOLOGY 102 ABSTRACT 102 INTRODUCTION 102 MATERIALS	  AND	  METHODS 107

Microbial Genome Evolution Due to Multifaceted Symbiosis within the Tsetse Fly (Diptera: Glossinidae)

This research aims to explain teacher policy developments in England since the nineteenth century, using a historical approach. To this end, this research has demarcated the scope of teacher policy, in consideration of the main career phases of regular teachers, into three policy areas – initial teacher training, curriculum and teaching, and employment and professional development – and has divided the whole period of 1800-2008, in consideration of major political changes and the management of the research, into four periods of governments: early era governments (1800-1943), post-war era governments (1944-1979), Thatcherite governments (1979-1997), and New Labour governments (1997-2008). Teacher policy in each period has been explained in accordance with an analytical framework employing concepts of historical-institution legacies (HILs), interlinking-institution legacies (IILs), government strategies, political ideologies and socio-economic situations, devised largely on the basis of the perspectives of historical institutionalism and the statecentred approach. Teacher policy in the early era governments has been explained in terms of HILs developed to address the long-lived effects of early institutions on subsequent policies over time. The changing pattern of teacher policy during the period of government change in the last three periods has been explained in terms of IILs. This research suggests certain teacher policies in the early era governments have had a strong effect on subsequent policies, consistently or intermittently, in the form of revival. For example, apprenticeship instituted as an early form of school-based teacher training has reflected its legacy in subsequent policies such as SCITT and employment-based training. This research has found that, as IILs, striking changes in certain policies have already started before government change. Furthermore, this research argues that the three groups of governments have employed their own strategies under different political ideologies and socio-economic situations, and that most teacher policies have been made in line with their strategies.

Teacher policy in England : an historical study of responses to changing ideological and socio-economic contexts

Foreword - Acknowledgements - PART 1: LABOURISM AND THE LABOUR PARTY - Introduction - PART 2: THE FORMATION OF BRITISH SOCIALISM - Marxists, Fabians and Ethical Socialist: The Traditions of British Socialism - The Emergence of British Socialism - RH Tawney and the Philosophy of British Socialism - PART 3: THE FORMATION OF CORPORATE SOCIALISM - The Syndicalist Challenge - GDH Cole and the Guild Socialist Response -The ILP and the Keynesian Challenge - The Emergence of Corporate Socialism - PART 4: THE REVISIONIST CHALLENGE - The Revisionist Forerunners - The Revisionist Heyday - Revisionism in Crisis - PART 5: THE CHALLENGE OF THE LEFT - The Bevanite Left - The Challenge of the New Left - The Bennite Left - The Emergence of 'New Labour' - Chronology - Index

Geoffrey Foote

Papers

The Labour Party's Political Thought: A History