https://www.hse.ru/data/816/479/1225/Oct%2019%20Cited%20%231%20Manage%20THE%20THEORY%20OF%20PLANNED%20BEHAVIOR.pdf

The theory of planned behavior

The ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge is a benchmark in object category classification and detection on hundreds of object categories and millions of images. The challenge has been run annually from 2010 to present, attracting participation from more than fifty institutions. This paper describes the creation of this benchmark dataset and the advances in object recognition that have been possible as a result. We discuss the challenges of collecting large-scale ground truth annotation, highlight key breakthroughs in categorical object recognition, provide a detailed analysis of the current state of the field of large-scale image classification and object detection, and compare the state-of-the-art computer vision accuracy with human accuracy. We conclude with lessons learned in the 5 years of the challenge, and propose future directions and improvements.

/pdf/imagenet-large-scale-visual-recognition-challenge-caky5nmmix.pdf

ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge

Recent methods for learning vector space representations of words have succeeded in capturing fine-grained semantic and syntactic regularities using vector arithmetic, but the origin of these regularities has remained opaque. We analyze and make explicit the model properties needed for such regularities to emerge in word vectors. The result is a new global logbilinear regression model that combines the advantages of the two major model families in the literature: global matrix factorization and local context window methods. Our model efficiently leverages statistical information by training only on the nonzero elements in a word-word cooccurrence matrix, rather than on the entire sparse matrix or on individual context windows in a large corpus. The model produces a vector space with meaningful substructure, as evidenced by its performance of 75% on a recent word analogy task. It also outperforms related models on similarity tasks and named entity recognition.

/pdf/glove-global-vectors-for-word-representation-55l84hyy3b.pdf

Glove: Global Vectors for Word Representation

Self-determination theory (SDT) maintains that an understanding of human motivation requires a consideration of innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. We discuss the SDT concept of needs as it relates to previous need theories, emphasizing that needs specify the necessary conditions for psychological growth, integrity, and well-being. This concept of needs leads to the hypotheses that different regulatory processes underlying goal pursuits are differentially associated with effective functioning and well-being and also that different goal contents have different relations to the quality of behavior and mental health, specifically because different regulatory processes and different goal contents are associated with differing degrees of need satisfaction. Social contexts and individual differences that support satisfaction of the basic needs facilitate natural growth processes including intrinsically motivated behavior and integration of extrinsic motivations, whereas those that forestall autonomy, competence, or relatedness are associated with poorer motivation, performance, and well-being. We also discuss the relation of the psychological needs to cultural values, evolutionary processes, and other contemporary motivation theories.

/pdf/the-what-and-why-of-goal-pursuits-human-needs-and-the-self-9g2lmfmhmg.pdf

The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior

First, the span of absolute judgment and the span of immediate memory impose severe limitations on the amount of information that we are able to receive, process, and remember. By organizing the stimulus input simultaneously into several dimensions and successively into a sequence or chunks, we manage to break (or at least stretch) this informational bottleneck. Second, the process of recoding is a very important one in human psychology and deserves much more explicit attention than it has received. In particular, the kind of linguistic recoding that people do seems to me to be the very lifeblood of the thought processes. Recoding procedures are a constant concern to clinicians, social psychologists, linguists, and anthropologists and yet, probably because recoding is less accessible to experimental manipulation than nonsense syllables or T mazes, the traditional experimental psychologist has contributed little or nothing to their analysis. Nevertheless, experimental techniques can be used, methods of recoding can be specified, behavioral indicants can be found. And I anticipate that we will find a very orderly set of relations describing what now seems an uncharted wilderness of individual differences. Third, the concepts and measures provided by the theory of information provide a quantitative way of getting at some of these questions. The theory provides us with a yardstick for calibrating our stimulus materials and for measuring the performance of our subjects. In the interests of communication I have suppressed the technical details of information measurement and have tried to express the ideas in more familiar terms; I hope this paraphrase will not lead you to think they are not useful in research. Informational concepts have already proved valuable in the study of discrimination and of language; they promise a great deal in the study of learning and memory; and it has even been proposed that they can be useful in the study of concept formation. A lot of questions that seemed fruitless twenty or thirty years ago may now be worth another look. In fact, I feel that my story here must stop just as it begins to get really interesting. And finally, what about the magical number seven? What about the seven wonders of the world, the seven seas, the seven deadly sins, the seven daughters of Atlas in the Pleiades, the seven ages of man, the seven levels of hell, the seven primary colors, the seven notes of the musical scale, and the seven days of the week? What about the seven-point rating scale, the seven categories for absolute judgment, the seven objects in the span of attention, and the seven digits in the span of immediate memory? For the present I propose to withhold judgment. Perhaps there is something deep and profound behind all these sevens, something just calling out for us to discover it. But I suspect that it is only a pernicious, Pythagorean coincidence.

The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information

For many years communication engineers have used a psychophysical method called the \"articulation test\" (2, 3). An announcer reads lists :of syllables, words, or sentences to a group of listeners who report what they hear. The articulation score is the percentage of discrete test units reported correctly by the listeners. This method gives a quantitative evaluation of the performance of a speech communication system. There are three classes of variables involved in an articulation test: the personnel, talkers and listeners; the test materials, syllables, words, sen\" tences, or continuous discourse; and the communication equipment, rooms, microphones, amplifiers, radios, earphones, etc. The present paper is ̂ directed toward the second of these three classes of variables, the test materials. The central concern can be stated as follows: Why is a stimulus configuration, a word, heard correctly in one context and incorrectly in another? Three kinds of contexts are explored: (a) context supplied by the knowledge that the test item is one of a small vocabulary of items, (b) context supplied by the items that precede or follow a given item in a word or sentence, and (c) context supplied by the knowl-

http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0062491

The intelligibility of speech as a function of the context of the test materials.

A semantic concordance is a textual corpus and a lexicon so combined that every substantive word in the text is linked to its appropriate sense in the lexicon. Thus it can be viewed either as a corpus in which words have been tagged syntactically and semantically, or as a lexicon in which example sentences can be found for many definitions. A semantic concordance is being constructed to use in studies of sense resolution in context (semantic disambiguation). The Brown Corpus is the text and WordNet is the lexicon. Semantic tags (pointers to WordNet synsets) are inserted in the text manually using an interface, ConText, that was designed to facilitate the task. Another interface supports searches of the tagged text. Some practical uses for semantic concordances am proposed.

/pdf/a-semantic-concordance-42d1yelycl.pdf

A semantic concordance

Five papers on Wordnet

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/24/12/1063.pdf

Psychology as a means of promoting human welfare.

The paper concerns the effect of intermittent interruptions of the speech wave upon intelligibility as measured by word articulation tests. The principal experimental variables are: the interruption rate (the number of on‐off cycles per second) and the speech‐time fraction (the fraction of the time that the communication circuit is turned on). When the interruption rate is very low (on and off once in ten seconds), the percentage of the words heard correctly is, of course, equal approximately to the product of (a) the percentage understood in the absence of interruptions and (b) the speech‐time fraction. At the other extreme, when the interruption rate is very high (on and off 5000 times a second), intelligibility is essentially unimpaired regardless of the speech‐time fraction. In the intermediate range, each curve of the family relating intelligibility to interruption rate for various speech‐time fractions rises to a maximum at about 15 interruptions per second, then falls to a minimum in the neighborhood of 300 interruptions per second. With a sound‐time fraction of 0.50 and 15 interruptions per second, the listeners hear almost all of the words despite the fact that the speech is, and sounds, intermittent. A curious effect is produced when, with the same speech‐time fraction and the same interruption rate, the speechless intervals are filled with white noise. No longer does the speech sound intermittent; instead, it is as though the speech were the scene behind a picket fence, viewed by a moving observer. The speech sounds continuous, and the words are understood just as well as they were before the noise was introduced. In the experiments just described, the interruptions occurred at regular intervals and the speech was turned on and off abruptly. Other experiments were conducted with iterruptions at irregular intervals and with gradual transition from “on” to “off” and vice versa. The disturbance produced by irregular interruption sounded very much like static and was therefore readily distinguishable from the effect produced by regular interruption. (At high rates, the latter has a tonal quality.) The intelligibility scores, however, were approximately the same with irregular as with regular interruptions. Changing from abrupt to gradual modulation (holding constant the speech‐time fraction as measured at a level corresponding to one‐half the peak speech amplitude) improved both the quality and the intelligibility of the interrupted speech.

/pdf/the-intelligibility-of-interrupted-speech-2odkpjsawv.pdf

George A. Miller

Papers

The intelligibility of speech as a function of the context of the test materials.

A semantic concordance

Five papers on Wordnet

Psychology as a means of promoting human welfare.

The Intelligibility of Interrupted Speech