The Wretched of the Earth

In the present paper a research has been done on the essay ‘Can the Subaltern Speak’ by’ Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’. It has been explained into much simpler language about what the author conveys for better understanding and further references. Also the criticism has been done by various critiques from various sources which is helpful from examination point of view. The paper has been divided into various contexts with an introduction and the conclusions. Also the references has been written that depicts the sources of criticism.

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Can the Subaltern Speak

Areinequalityanddistributiveconflictsadriving force in the transition to democratic rule? Are unequal democracies more likely to revert to authoritarianism? These questions have a long pedigree in in the analysis of the transition to democratic rule in Europe (Lipset 1960; Marshall 1963; Moore 1966), and have been raised again in newer comparative historical work on democratization (Collier 1999; Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens 1992). More recently, an influential line of theory has attempted to ground the politics of inequality on rationalist assumptions about citizens’ preferences over institutions (Acemoglu and Robinson 2000; 2001; 2006; Boix 2003; 2008; Przeworski 2009). These distributive conflict approaches conceptualize authoritarian rule as an institutional means through which unequal class or group relationsaresustainedbylimitingthefranchiseandthe ability of social groups to organize. The rise and fall of democratic rule thus reflect deeper conflicts between elites and masses over the distribution of wealth and income. Despite its logic, there are several theoretical and empirical reasons to question the expectations of these new distributive conflict models. Socioeconomic inequality plays a central role in these models, but has cross-cutting effects. The more unequal a society, the greater the incentives for disadvantaged groups to press for more open and competitive politics. Yet the

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Inequality and Regime Change: Democratic Transitions and the Stability of Democratic Rule

(2007). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 149-149.

The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: Prashad, Vijay: New York and London: The New Press, 364 pp., Publication Date: January 2007

Our goal in this article is to intervene and disrupt current contentious debates regarding the predominant lines of inquiry bourgeoning in settler colonial studies, the use of ‘settler’, and the politics of building solidarities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. Settler colonial studies, ‘settler’, and solidarity, then, operate as the central themes of this paper. While somewhat jarring, our assessment of the debates is interspersed with our discussions in their original form, as we seek to explore possible lines of solidarity, accountability, and relationality to one another and to decolonization struggles both locally and globally. Our overall conclusion is that without centering Indigenous peoples’ articulations, without deploying a relational approach to settler colonial power, and without paying attention to the conditions and contingency of settler colonialism, studies of settler colonialism and practices of solidarity run the risk of reifying (and possibly replicating) settler colonial as well as other modes of domination.

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Unsettling settler colonialism: The discourse and politics of settlers, and solidarity with Indigenous nations

Acknowledgments ix Map of Venezuela xii Introduction. What People? Whose History? 1 1. A Guerrilla History 22 2. Reconnecting with the Masses 45 3. Birth of the "Tupamaros" 67 First Interlude. The Caracazo: History Splits in Two 88 4. Sergio's Blood: Student Struggles from the University to the Streets 105 5. Manuelita's Boots: Women between Two Movements 126 6. JoseLeonardo's Body and the Collapse of Mestizaje 146 Second Interlude. Every Eleventh Has Its Thirteenth 166 7. Venezuelan Workers: Aristocracy or Revolutionary Class? 180 8. Oligarchs Tremble! Peasant Struggles at the Margins of the State 200 9. A New Proletariat? Informal Labor and the Revolutionary Streets 218 Conclusion. Dual Power against the Magical State 234 Notes 257 Index 307

We Created Chávez: A People’s History of the Venezuelan Revolution

The “good-left-versus-bad-left” framework disseminated by Jorge Castaneda, among others, obscures the underlying similarities that cut across all leftist regimes in Latin America while drastically oversimplifying the relationship between the so-called bad left and its “good” counterpart. A shift of focus from heads of state to social movements reveals both that the question of social movements and the state transcends such binaries and that it is precisely within the “bad left” that we find some important lessons for the future.El marco de “buena izquierda versus mala izquierda” diseminado por Jorge Castaneda, entre otros, opaca las similitudes basicas que cortan a traves de todos los regimenes izquierdistas en America Latina, y a la vez simplifica de manera extrema la relacion entre la llamada mala izquierda y su contraparte buena. Un cambio de enfoque de los mandatarios a los movimientos sociales revela tanto que la cuestion de movimientos sociales y el Estado trascienden tales binarias, como que es pre...

Constituent Moments, Constitutional Processes Social Movements and the New Latin American Left

This article seeks to disentangle a number of outstanding controversies regarding the radical potential of W.E.B. Du Bois's seminal notion of double-consciousness. The author concludes that the early Du Bois—of the 1897 “Strivings”—idealistically conflates double-consciousness with the racist veil, thereby erroneously negating the materiality of the latter. This error persists only briefly, and Du Bois's transformation is already palpable by the 1903 publication of Souls, especially “On the Coming of John.” Against those who would dismiss the relevance of double-consciousness, the author demonstrates that the continued relevance of double-consciousness is simultaneously the liberation of the concept from its idealistic and middle-class content through the recognition of the veil in all its materiality. Finally, the author assesses the recent work of rap artist Kanye West, whose political progression parallels that of Du Bois before him, arguing that this progression is intimately linked to the radical pot...

A Critique of Du Boisian Reason: Kanye West and the Fruitfulness of Double-Consciousness

Too often, the Bolivarian Revolution currently underway in Venezuela is dismissed by its critics—on the right and left—as a fundamentally statist enterprise. We are told it is, at best, a continuation of the corrupt, bureaucratic status quo or, at worst, a personalistic consolidation of state power in the hands of a single individual at the expense of those "checks and balances" traditionally associated with western liberal democracies. These perspectives are erroneous, since they cannot account for what have emerged as the central planks of the revolutionary process. I will focus on the most significant of these planks: the explosion of communal powerThis article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

Dual Power in the Venezuelan Revolution

The ‘Bolivarian Revolution’ in Venezuela under Hugo Chavez has reignited debate in Latin America and internationally on the questions of socialism and revolution. This forum brings together six leading intellectuals from different revolutionary traditions and introduces their reflections on class-struggle, the state, imperialism, counter-power, revolutionary parties, community and communes, workplaces, economy, politics, society, culture, race, gender, and the hopes, contradictions, and prospects of ‘twenty-first-century socialism’ in contemporary Venezuela.

George Ciccariello-Maher

Papers

We Created Chávez: A People’s History of the Venezuelan Revolution

Constituent Moments, Constitutional Processes Social Movements and the New Latin American Left

A Critique of Du Boisian Reason: Kanye West and the Fruitfulness of Double-Consciousness

Dual Power in the Venezuelan Revolution

The Bolivarian Process in Venezuela: A Left Forum