The goals of this chapter are to introduce organizational responsibility research and practice to the field of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology and to encourage I/O psychology researchers and practitioners to embrace organizational responsibility in their research and practice. Although its definition is elaborated in detail later in the chapter, organizational responsibility is defined as context-specific organizational actions and policies that take into account stakeholders’ expectations and the triple bottom line of economic, social, and environmental performance. In contrast with other topics included in this handbook, organizational responsibility does not seem to be a topic that receives much attention in the literature of mainstream I/O psychology, or even psychology in general. To assess the accuracy of this assertion, I conducted a search in January 2009 using the PsycINFO database and the key words corporate responsibility in all titles and abstracts. The review period covered all items (i.e., books, collections, journals, book chapters, dissertations, conference proceedings, editorials, encyclopedias, handbooks, and textbooks) in all languages included in PsycINFO until that date. There were 52 hits. However, only two of these were for items published in psychology journals (Dumas, 2007; Konczak, 2005). Moreover, neither of these items reported original research; instead, they were book reviews. The remaining 50 items were books, chapters, dissertations, and articles published outside of the field of psychology in journals such as Business Ethics: A European Review, Journal of Business Ethics, Corporate Communications, Journal of Management Development, Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, and Corporate Reputation Review. I conducted the same search on the Business Source Premier database, and the result was 1,917 hits. Of this total, 757 items were articles published in academic journals; 486 were published in magazines and other periodicals, such as The Economist, Fortune, and Supply Management; 547 appeared in trade publications, such as Accountancy, Communication World, Marketing Magazine, and Money Management; and 127 appeared in other sources, such as books. Why this difference in publication rates in I/O psychology compared with other organizational studies disciplines? There are at least four reasons. First, organizational responsibility is an issue that is studied typically at the organizational level of analysis. Although it has shifted its emphasis to include the group level of analysis, most I/O psychology research still addresses primarily the individual level of analysis. In fact, an examination of the chapters included in this handbook suggests that the majority of topics address issues that have been studied primarily at the individual level of analysis. Second, related to the level of analysis reason, the terms organizational responsibility and corporate responsibility are not labels typically used in I/O psychology research. However, because of the interest in the individual

Organizational responsibility: Doing good and doing well.

We use the technique of panel data in a sample of 320 American listed companies from 2003 to 2007 to estimate a model of corporate reputation, measured by the Fortune index. We propose that corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a key driver of corporate reputation given its potential to foster hard-to-duplicate competitive advantage. Our model embodies the multidimensional concept of CSR, presenting a five dimensional construct – employee relations, diversity issues, product issues, community relations, and environmental issues – and interact those with industrial effects. Our results indicate that the five dimensions of CSR have a significant impact on corporate reputation and this impact is moderated by the industry of the firm. The most salient dimensions were diversity of the work force – was positively relevant to eight of the nine industries; and product issues with a positive impact in five industries and negative in three. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Corporate Reputation: A Combination of Social Responsibility and Industry

Introduction 1. Religion: a social constructionist approach 2. Secularisation 3. The vagaries of religious pluralism 4. Globalisation and religion 5. Social theory and religious movements 6. Constructing religion, self and society.

Social Theory and Religion

INTRODUCTION PART A: UNDERSTANDING BUSINESS ETHICS 1. INTRODUCING BUSINESS ETHICS What is business ethics? Why is business ethics important? Globalization: a new context for business ethics? Sustainability: a new goal for business ethics? Europe: a new perspective for business ethics? Summary: study questions, research exercise Case 1. McEurope: McDonalds faces ethical criticism in Europe 2. FRAMING BUSINESS ETHICS: CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY, STAKEHOLDERS AND CITIZENSHIP What is a corporation? Corporate social responsibility Stakeholder theory of the firm Corporate accountability: the firm as a 'political' actor Corporate citizenship Summary: study questions, research exercises Case 2. The 'English Patient': BMW withdraws from Rover Longbridge 3. EVALUATING BUSINESS ETHICS: NORMATIVE ETHICAL THEORIES Introduction The role of ethical theory Normative ethical theories: a European perspective Traditional ethical theories Contemporary ethical theories Summary: towards a pragmatic use of ethical theory Study questions, research exercise Case 3. A bitter pill: the pharmaceutical industry and affordable AIDS drugs for Southern Africa 4. MAKING DECISIONS IN BUSINESS ETHICS: DESCRIPTIVE ETHICAL THEORIES Introduction Models of ethical decision-making Individual influences on ethical decision-making Situational influences on decision-making Summary: study questions, research exercises Case 4. Rogue traders: Scandals in the banking and finance industry 5. MANAGING BUSINESS ETHICS: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF BUSINESS ETHICS MANAGMENT Introduction What is business ethics management? Setting standards of ethical behaviour: designing and implementing codes of ethics Managing stakeholder relations Assessing ethical performance Organizing for business ethics management Summary: study questions, research exercise Case 5. Shell shocked: has Shell moved towards a new way of managing business ethics? PART B: CONTEXTUALIZING BUSINESS ETHICS: THE CORPORATE CITIZEN AND ITS STAKEHOLDERS Introduction to Part B 6. SHAREHOLDERS AND BUSINESS ETHICS Introduction: reassessing the importance of shareholders as stakeholders Shareholders as stakeholders: understanding corporate governance Ethical issues in corporate governance Shareholders and globalization Shareholders as citizens of the corporation Shareholding for sustainability Summary: study questions, research exercise Case 6. Derailing privatization: Railtrack, shareholders, and the 'travelling public' 7. EMPLOYEES AND BUSINESS ETHICS Introduction Employees as stakeholders Ethical issues in the firm-employee relation Employing people worldwide: the ethical challenge of globalization The corporate citizen and employee relations in a varied European context Towards sustainable employment Summary: study questions, research exercise Case 7. Unhealthy business: junior doctors and excessive working hours 8. CONSUMERS AND BUSINESS ETHICS Introduction Consumers as stakeholders Ethical issues and the consumer Globalization and consumers: the ethical challenges of the global marketplace Consumers and corporate citizenship: consumer sovereignty and the politics of purchasing Sustainable consumption Summary: study questions, research exercise Case 8. Boycotting the 'baby killers'? Nestle and the ongoing infant formula controversy 9. SUPPLIERS,COMPETITORS AND BUSINESS ETHICS Introduction Suppliers and competitors as stakeholders Ethical issues and suppliers Ethical issues and competitors Globalization, suppliers, and competitors: the ethical challenges of global business networks The corporate citizen in the business community: ethical sourcing and fair trade Sustainability and business relationships: towards industrial ecosystems Summary: study questions, research exercise Case 9. The spying game: allegations of industrial espionage at Unilever, Canal Plus, and Ericsson 10. CIVIL SOCIETY AND BUSINESS ETHICS Introduction: what is civil society? Civil society organizations as stakeholders Ethical issues and CSOs Globalization and civil society organizations Corporate citizenship and civil society: charity, collaboration, or regulation? Civil society, business and sustainability Summary: study questions, research exercise Case 10. From conflict to collaboration? Greenpeace's Greenfreeze Campaign 11. GOVERNMENT, REGULATION AND BUSINESS ETHICS Introduction Government as a stakeholder Ethical issues in the relation between business and government Globalization and business-government relations Corporate citizenship and regulation: business as key player in the regulatory game Governments, business, and sustainability Summary: study questions, research exercise Case 11. Mixing oil and Kohl: Elf, Leuna, and allegations of political corruption in France and Germany 12. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES Introduction The nature and scope of business ethics Globalization as a new goal for business ethics Sustainablity as a new goal for business ethics Business ethics in a European context The role of different stakeholder constituencies in business ethics Corporate citizenship as a new concept in business ethics The contribution of normative ethical theories to business ethics Influences on ethical decision-making The role of management tools in business ethics Summary: study questions, research exercise Case 12. No laughing matter: the Ilisu dam project in Turkey

Business Ethics: A European Perspective: Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization

We analyze ethical policies of firms in industrialized countries and try to find out whether culture is a factor that plays a significant role in explaining country differences. We look into the firm’s human rights policy, its governance of bribery and corruption, and the comprehensiveness, implementation and communication of its codes of ethics. We use a dataset on ethical policies of almost 2,700 firms in 24 countries. We find that there are significant differences among ethical policies of firms headquartered in different countries. When we associate these ethical policies with Hofstede’s cultural indicators, we find that individualism and uncertainty avoidance are positively associated with a firm’s ethical policies, whereas masculinity and power distance are negatively related to these policies.

/pdf/cultural-values-and-international-differences-in-business-2pcab7m1r5.pdf

Cultural Values and International Differences in Business Ethics

Part 1 Setting the scene: why business ethics? the history of business ethics. Part 2 Business ethics - its scope and purpose: what is business ethics? how is it done? how is it possible? why do it? does it work? cases and issues - ethically active businesses - the work of business in the community. Part 3 Ethical theory: cognitivism and non-cognitivism religious morality consequentialism v non-consequentialism utilitarianism - an ethic of warfare Kantianism - an ethic of duty natural law - an ethic of rights applying ethical theories cases and issues - the new consumer survey. Part 4 Capitalism, markets and justice: what is capitalism? markets, social markets, and market socialism is capitalism just? cases and issues - the story of NFC. Part 5 Corporations and responsibility: the nature of business corporations social responsibility identity and accountability corporate governance cases and issues - making the punishment fit the crime - the Zeebrugge disaster. Part 6 The workplace - employment: employment and rights the "right to work"? equality of opportunity affirmative action the fair wage trade unions employer rights and employee loyalties cases and issues - Opportunity 2000. Part 7 Accounting and investment: ethics and the world of finance the ethics of investment privatization case study - Polly Peck. Part 8 Reaching the markets: the ethics of persuasion persuasion and respect for persons a consequentialist view advertising the readings case study - cigarette advertising. Part 9 The greening of business: what is a green business? green business or customer choice case study - the Body Shop. Part 10 Ethics and international business: cases and issues - City of Joy.

An Introduction to Business Ethics

What is Business Ethics. Theories of Ethics. Business and Justice. Corporate Responsibility. Ethics in the Workplace. Finance and Investment. The Ethics of Advertising. Green Issues in Business. International Business Culture. How to Be Ethical.

Essentials of business ethics

Methodological issues the "suicide cults" the old new religions the "new Christian" movements new religions in the Hindu tradition new forms of Buddhism independent new religions the human potential movement new age, witchcraft and paganism the counter-cult movement.

Exploring new religions

1. What is Religion? 2. Levels of Religion 3. History of Scholarship 4. 'World Religion' 5. Phenomenology and its Critics 6. Authenticity and Diversity 7. Gender and Religion 8. Field Work 9. Quantitative Data in RS 10. The Question of Truth 11. Current Trends 12. Summary and Conclusions.

The study of religion : an introduction to key ideas and methods

Although the Theosophical Society is not normally considered to be part of the New Age Movement, its eclectic ideas have significantly contributed to the development of the New Age phenomenon. Jiddu Krishnamurti, Rudolf Steiner and Dion Fortune demonstrate in different ways the diverse interests of the subsequent New Age Movement. Much more influential in the development of the New Age Movement was the Findhorn community. For Marilyn Ferguson, the New Age is not another religion or a new single movement, but a Segmented Polycentric Integrated Network (SPIN), or more accurately, a SPIN of SPINs. The New Age Movement is a much wider complex than the feminist movement which is why writers like Ferguson have employed the notion of SPIN as a characterisation. Keywords: Age; Dion Fortune; Findhorn community; JidduKrishnamurti; Marilyn Ferguson; New Age Movement; Rudolf Steiner; Segmented Polycentric Integrated Network (SPIN)

George D. Chryssides

Papers

An Introduction to Business Ethics

Essentials of business ethics

Exploring new religions

The study of religion : an introduction to key ideas and methods

Defining The New Age