An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte Monitoring Device And Methods Of Use

Wearable biosensors are garnering substantial interest due to their potential to provide continuous, real-time physiological information via dynamic, noninvasive measurements of biochemical markers in biofluids, such as sweat, tears, saliva and interstitial fluid. Recent developments have focused on electrochemical and optical biosensors, together with advances in the noninvasive monitoring of biomarkers including metabolites, bacteria and hormones. A combination of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling and transport systems have been integrated, miniaturized and combined with flexible materials for improved wearability and ease of operation. Although wearable biosensors hold promise, a better understanding of the correlations between analyte concentrations in the blood and noninvasive biofluids is needed to improve reliability. An expanded set of on-body bioaffinity assays and more sensing strategies are needed to make more biomarkers accessible to monitoring. Large-cohort validation studies of wearable biosensor performance will be needed to underpin clinical acceptance. Accurate and reliable real-time sensing of physiological information using wearable biosensor technologies would have a broad impact on our daily lives.

Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring.

http://cau.ac.kr/~jjang14/BioMEMS/Lazcka_BSBE_Pathogen_Detection_Review_2006.pdf

Pathogen detection: a perspective of traditional methods and biosensors.

Glucose oxidase: an ideal enzyme

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), which is composed of four multiprotein complexes named complex I-IV, is believed to be important in the aging process and in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Previous studies have identified the ubiquinone of complex III and an unknown component of complex I as the major sites of ROS generation. Here we show that the physiologically relevant ROS generation supported by the complex II substrate succinate occurs at the flavin mononucleotide group (FMN) of complex I through reversed electron transfer, not at the ubiquinone of complex III as commonly believed. Indirect evidence indicates that the unknown ROS-generating site within complex I is also likely to be the FMN group. It is therefore suggested that the major physiologically and pathologically relevant ROS-generating site in mitochondria is limited to the FMN group of complex I. These new insights clarify an elusive target for intervening mitochondrial ROS-related processes or diseases.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.0022-3042.2002.00744.x

Generation of reactive oxygen species by the mitochondrial electron transport chain

Fluorometric system employing immobilized cholinesterase for assaying anticholinesterase compounds.

Enzyme electrode and thermistor probes have been prepared by chemically binding alcohol oxidase from Candida boidinii. By use of the electrode probe (enzyme immobilized onto an O 2 electrode) from 1 to 100 mM methanol, ethanol, or butanol can be assayed with a precision of about 2.0-2.5%. With an enzyme thermistor probe (enzyme immobilized onto glass beads) in a flow system, as little as 0.2 mM, with linearity to 2.0 mM, of methanol, ethanol, and butanol can be assayed with a precision of about 1.5%. The thermistor probe system is quite stable for several hundred assays and the electrode probe, for about 100 assays Preparation et description des 2 dispositifs utilisant l'alcool oxidase de Candida boidinii immobilisee par voie chimique. Leur emploi pour le dosage de l'ethanol, du butanol et du methanol est compare. Les 2 systemes presentent a peu pres la meme precision (1,5-2%), mais le «thermistor» revele une meilleure stabilite operationnelle

Enzyme electrode and thermistor probes for determination of alcohols with alcohol oxidase.

: A simple, direct, fluorometric method is described for measuring the activity of dehydrogenases. The method is based upon the conversion of the nonfluorescent material resazurin to the highly fluorescent compound resorufin, in conjunction with the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)-NADH) system. By the procedures described, approximately 0.00010 to 0.1000 unit/ml of lactic acid dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, malic acid dehydrogenase, glutamic acid dehydrogenase, glucose6-phosphate dehydrogenase, L-alphs-glycero phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), and glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH) may be determined with standard deviations of approximately =1.0%. Similarly, diaphorase, 0.000400 to 0.0800 unit/ml, resazurin, 0.00000001 to 0.00001 M, and NADH, 0.0000002 to 0.00002 M, may be determined with standard deviations of =0.5%, =0.8%, and =0.5%, respectively. (Author)

George G. Guilbault

Papers

Fluorometric system employing immobilized cholinesterase for assaying anticholinesterase compounds.

Enzyme electrode and thermistor probes for determination of alcohols with alcohol oxidase.

Fluorometric procedure for measuring the activity of dehydrogenases.

Enzyme electrode for L-amino acids and glucose.

Piezoelectric detectors for organophosphorus compounds and pesticides.