(1954). Conodonts from the lowermost Ordovician strata of South-Central Sweden. Geologiska Foreningen i Stockholm Forhandlingar: Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 517-604.

Conodonts from the lowermost Ordovician strata of South-Central Sweden

The book has the following chapter headings: structure and tectonics; Cambrian; Ordovician; Silurian-Middle Devonian; Upper Devonian - Carboniferous; Permian; Mesozoic; Tertiary; Quaternary; geomorphology; petrology of igneous rocks; economic geology. This last chapter includes substantial sections on deposits of black coal, brown coal, oil and natural gas in the state.

Geology of Victoria

The conodonts are divided into the Westergaardodinida and Conodontophorida orders. The latter (conodonts proper) are divided into 8 superfamilies. The Distacodontacea (Proconodontidae, Clavohamulidae, and Distacodontidae families) are on the whole a simple, ‘primitive’ group. The Chirognathacea include Oistodus (s.str.), Chirognathus, and Rhipidognathus. The Panderodontacea are mainly simple cones. The Prioniodinacea have compound, non-blade elements. The Prioniodontacea include the Periodontidae, Prioniodontidae, Balognathidae, and Icriodontidae families. Bryantodontace, Gondolellacea, and Polygnathacea are based on platform-stock genera. The Polygnathacea (spathognathodon-tids, polygnathids, and indiognathodontids) may comprise two major stocks independent since the Ordovician.

A suprageneric taxonomy of the conodonts

Fossils and Strata 1

Because calcareous sponges are triggering renewed interest with respect to basal metazoan evolution, a phylogenetic framework of their internal relationships is needed to clarify the evolutionary history of key morphological characters. Morphological variation was scored at the suprageneric level within Calcispongia, but little phylogenetic information could be retrieved from morphological characters. For the main subdivision of Calcispongia, the analysis of morphological data weakly supports a classification based upon cytological and embryological characters (Calcinea/Calcaronea) rather than the older classification scheme based upon the aquiferous system (Homocoela/Heterocoela). The 18S ribosomal RNA data were then analyzed, both alone and in combination with morphological characters. The monophyly of Calcispongia is highly supported, but the position of this group with respect to other sponge lineages and to eumetazoan taxa is not resolved. The monophyly of both Calcinea and Calcaronea is retrieved, and the data strongly rejected the competing Homocoela/Heterocoela hypothesis. The phylogeny implies that characters of the skeleton architecture are highly homoplastic, as are characters of the aquiferous system. However, axial symmetry seems to be primitive for all Calcispongia, a conclusion that has potentially far-reaching implications for hypotheses of early body plan evolution in Metazoa.

Phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges: monophyly of calcinea and calcaronea, high level of morphological homoplasy, and the primitive nature of axial symmetry.

Soon after the publication by Dr. Pander, in 1856, of his wellknown monograph, in which he announced the discovery, in the lowest fossiliferous rocks of Russia, of small ‘teeth” named Conodonts, and referred by him to fishes, several discussions arose as to the character of these minute bodies, and various opinions were expressed as to their near relations, without, however, any satisfactory conclusion being arrived at. Since that date Conodonts have been found in several other places; and in this communication I propose to describe a great variety of forms which I have collected within the last two years from several different formations in North America. Though my specimens may not suffice to determine the true position of the organisms to which they were attached, they will at least add something to our previous knowledge, and thus assist in reaching a decision on the subject. The next account, after Dr. Pander9s, of the discovery of Conodonts is by Dr. J. Harley, in an article on the Ludlow bone-bed and its crustacean remains. Only two of the specimens described by this gentleman have any resemblance to the Conodonts of Pander; but a comparison of these with other very differently formed bodies in the same beds led him to express the opinion that all the forms were of crustacean origin, and that Conodonts were probably only spines similar to those attached to the margins of the carapace of Limulus and the caudal segment of Squilla. He therefore included all together under the provisional genus Astacoderma .

On Conodonts from the Chazy and Cincinnati Group of the Cambro-Silurian, and from the Hamilton and Genesee-Shale Divisions of the Devonian, in Canada and the United States

On the invitation of the authors of the foregoing paper, I very willingly consented to undertake an examination and description of the radiolaria occurring in the extensive series of Devonian rocks in New South Wales which they have recently brought to light, and accordingly they forwarded to me, in the spring of 1897, a box of hand-specimens of typical examples of the different kinds of radiolarian rocks, and these have been supplemented since by a few other specimens received during the present year. Microscopic sections have been prepared from them; and from such as contained the radiolaria in good preservation (as, for example, the dark siliceous limestones and some of the volcanic tuffs from Tamworth), numerous slides were made, so as to obtain as large a variety of the organisms as possible. The rocks sent me were derived from the following four localities:—(1) Bingara and (2) Barraba: red jaspery cherts; (3) Jenolan Caves and vicinity: black chert; (4) Tamworth: black chert, dark siliceous limestone, siliceous claystone or shale, and volcanic tuff. II. Character of the Rocks and Mode of Preservation of the Radiolaria Before describing the radiolaria, it will be desirable to refer to the character of the rocks of which they form so important a parb, and to their mode and condition of preservation. ( a ) The Chert-rocks with Radiolaria. The jaspery cherts of Bingara and Barraba are hard and flinty, of a brick-red tint, and fairly translucent in section. They are traversed in all directions by thin microscopic veins

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On the Radiolaria in the Devonian Rocks of New South Wales

Catalogue of the fossil sponges in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History).

Summary In the preceding pages I have described 55 different forms of jaws, of which there are 33 from the Cincinnati group, 13 from the Niagara and Clinton group, 7 from the Hamilton group, of the Canadian rocks, and 2 from the Lower Carboniferous in Scotland. The respective numbers included under the different genera are as follows:—Eunicites 14 forms, Œnonites 10, Arabellites 19, Staurocephalites 1, Lumbinconereites 4, Nereidavus 1, Glycerites 3, whilst 3 forms are not referred to any genus. Of many of the forms there are numerous examples, whilst others are represented only as single specimens. Whilst there is thus shown a predominance of forms belonging to the genera Eunicites, Œnonites, and Arabellites (on account of the number and variety of the different jaws in the individuals of these genera, which renders the work of classification to a certain extent doubtful), no definite conclusions can be drawn as to the relative abundance of the different genera. It is quite possible that the number of species represented may be less than half the number of forms to which I have given names and descriptions, and they will therefore have to be accepted more for palaeontological reference than as indicating so many separate species of these Annelids. It is possible that future discovery will bring to light some of these fossil Annelids with their jaw-plates in their respective positions, which will enable many of the forms described to be placed under a single species; in the mean time I have thought that it would be of interest to geologists to show, what had previously been inferred from the trails and markings, that Errant Annelids were very abundant in the Palaeozoic rocks, and that, judging from their jaws, many of them were closely related to existing forms.

George Jennings Hinde

Papers

On Conodonts from the Chazy and Cincinnati Group of the Cambro-Silurian, and from the Hamilton and Genesee-Shale Divisions of the Devonian, in Canada and the United States

On the Radiolaria in the Devonian Rocks of New South Wales

Catalogue of the fossil sponges in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History).

On Annelid Jaws from the Cambro-Silurian, Silurian, and Devonian Formations in Canada and from the Lower Carboniferous in Scotland

On New Species Of Fossil Sponges From The Siluro-Cambrian At Little Metis On The Lower St. Lawrence