https://oftalmologiarafaelcaiado.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/cruise.pdf

Ranibizumab for macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion: six-month primary end point results of a phase III study.

Ranibizumab for Macular Edema following Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion

Regulation of retinal blood flow in health and disease

In branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), abnormal arteriovenous crossing with vein compression, degenerative changes of the vessel wall and abnormal hematological factors constitute the primary mechanism of vessel occlusion. In general, BRVO has a good prognosis: 50–60% of eyes are reported to have a final visual acuity (VA) of 20/40 or better even without treatment. One important prognostic factor for final VA appears to be the initial VA. Grid laser photocoagulation is an established treatment for macular edema in a particular group of patients with BRVO, while promising results for this condition are shown by intravitreal application of steroids or new vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors. Vitrectomy with or without arteriovenous sheathotomy combined with removal of the internal limiting membrane may improve vision in eyes with macular edema which are unresponsive to or ineligible for laser treatment.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02713680701851902

Branch retinal vein occlusion: pathogenesis, visual prognosis, and treatment modalities

Objectives To describe the 15-year incidence of retinal vein occlusion (central retinal vein occlusion and branch retinal vein occlusion) and associated risk factors. Methods A population-based study where branch retinal vein occlusion and central retinal vein occlusion were detected at baseline (n = 4068, 1988-1990) and three 5-year follow-up examinations by grading 30° color fundus photographs. Results The 15-year cumulative incidences of branch retinal vein occlusion and central retinal vein occlusion were 1.8% and 0.5%, respectively. Using a generalized estimating equation model, incident retinal vein occlusion was related to baseline age (odds ratio [OR] per 10 years, 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-2.12), history of barbiturate use (OR, 5.30; 95% CI, 2.28-12.31), focal retinal arteriolar narrowing (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.29-4.66), glaucoma (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.50-6.69), serum ionized calcium level (OR per 0.4 mg/dL, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23-0.79), serum phosphorus level (OR per 0.3 mg/dL, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.01-1.30), and serum creatinine level (OR for ≥ 1.4 vs  Conclusions Incident retinal vein occlusion is not infrequent in the population, especially after age 65 years. The relationships of barbiturate use, serum creatinine level, serum ionized calcium level, and serum phosphorus level with incident retinal vein occlusion require further assessment in other large population-based studies.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/articlepdf/420392/eeb70012_513_518.pdf

The 15-year cumulative incidence of retinal vein occlusion: the Beaver Dam Eye Study.

• Occlusions of nine branch retinal veins in eight eyes of seven patients were studied histopathologically by serial sections through the affected areas. Intravitreal neovascularization from the disc, retina, or both was noted in four eyes. Two additional eyes had intraretinal neovascularization (intraretinal microvascular abnormalities). Cystoid macular edema was present in five eyes. A fresh or recanalized thrombus was noted at the site of vein occlusion in all eyes. Inner ischemic atrophy of the retina was found distal to the area of occlusion in six of the nine affected quadrants of the eight eyes. Although the corresponding branch retinal arteries showed varying degrees of sclerosis (severe, three eyes; moderate, five eyes; and minimal, one eye), no definite thrombus was observed in any of them.

Histopathologic Study of Nine Branch Retinal Vein Occlusions

Melanocytoma of the ciliary body: presentation of four cases and review of nineteen reports.

A two-month-old girl with aniridia was found to have an optic pit in one eye and the morning glory disc anomaly in the other eye. The patient's mother had corectopia and atypical iris defects. The findings are described and the embryology of the various abnormalities briefly reviewed. This is the first report of such an association of findings in a family with aniridia. Failure of normal neuroectodermal development may play a role in the development of optic pits and the morning glory disc anomaly.

Aniridia, atypical iris defects, optic pit and the morning glory disc anomaly in a family.

The data on 58 patients with retinoblastoma managed at the American University of Beirut, Medical Center over the last 35 years is reviewed. The epidemiology, genetics and clinical features of this tumor appear to be the same in the Middle-East as well as the rest of the world. The notable difference between the data in this study and that from other studies is the marked delay in diagnosis of the tumor in this part of the world leading to a higher incidence of extraocular extension, a more advanced stage of the disease and poorer survival rates. This seems to be a feature of medically underdeveloped societies. Increased public awareness of the early signs and symptoms of the disease, as well as routine fundoscopy on all infants are advocated to improve early detection, leading to improved survival rates and prevention of unnecessary enucleations.

George T. Frangieh

Papers

Histopathologic Study of Nine Branch Retinal Vein Occlusions

Melanocytoma of the ciliary body: presentation of four cases and review of nineteen reports.

Aniridia, atypical iris defects, optic pit and the morning glory disc anomaly in a family.

Retinoblastoma in Lebanon.

Multiple recurrences of juvenile xanthogranuloma of the eyelid.