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Using Multivariate Statistics

Pedagosko i psiholosko testiranje i procjenjivanje spadaju među najvažnije doprinose znanosti o ponasanju nasem drustvu i pružaju temeljna i znacajna poboljsanja u odnosu na ranije postupke. Iako se ne može ustvrditi da su svi testovi dovoljno usavrseni niti da su sva testiranja razborita i korisna, postoji velika kolicina informacija koje ukazuju na ucinkovitost kvalitetnih instrumenata u onim situacijama u kojima je njihovo koristenje potkrijepljeno validacijskim podacima. Pravilna upotreba testova može dovesti do boljih odluka o pojedincima i programima nego sto bi to bio slucaj bez njihovog koristenja, a također i ukazati na put za siri i pravedniji pristup obrazovanju i zaposljavanju. Međutim, losa upotreba testova može dovesti do zamjetne stete nanesene ispitanicima i drugim sudionicima u procesu donosenja odluka na temelju testovnih podataka. Cilj Standarda je promoviranje kvalitetne i eticne upotrebe testova te uspostavljanje osnovice za ocjenu kvalitete postupaka testiranja. Svrha objavljivanja Standarda je uspostavljanje kriterija za evaluaciju testova, provedbe testiranja i posljedica upotrebe testova. Iako bi evaluacija prikladnosti testa ili njegove primjene trebala ovisiti prvenstveno o strucnim misljenjima, Standardi pružaju okvir koji osigurava obuhvacanje svih relevantnih pitanja. Bilo bi poželjno da svi autori, sponzori, nakladnici i korisnici profesionalnih testova usvoje Standarde te da poticu druge da ih također prihvate.

Standards for educational and psychological testing

Meanwhile, the authors' antidote to the American sicknessa quest for democratic community that draws on our diverse civic and religious traditionshas contributed to a vigorous scholarly and popular debate. Attention has been focused on forms of social organization, be it civil society, democratic communitarianism, or associative democracy, that can humanize the market and the administrative state. In their new Introduction the authors relate the argument of their book both to the current realities of American society and to the growing debate about the country's future. With this new edition one of the most influential books of recent times takes on a new immediacy.\

Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life

We describe a protocol for disclosing unfavorable information—“breaking bad news”—to cancer patients about their illness. Straightforward and practical, the protocol meets the requirements defined by published research on this topic. The protocol (SPIKES) consists of six steps. The goal is to enable the clinician to fulfill the four most important objectives of the interview disclosing bad news: gathering information from the patient, transmitting the medical information, providing support to the patient, and eliciting the patient’s collaboration in developing a strategy or treatment plan for the future. Oncologists, oncology trainees, and medical students who have been taught the protocol have reported increased confidence in their ability to disclose unfavorable medical information to patients. Directions for continuing assessment of the protocol are suggested. The Oncologist 2000;5:302-311

/pdf/spikes-a-six-step-protocol-for-delivering-bad-news-3bcah1imyb.pdf

SPIKES-A six-step protocol for delivering bad news: application to the patient with cancer.

Statistical Methods for Health Care Research

The Damocles syndrome: Psychosocial consequences of surviving childhood cancer

1. On Being an Ethical Psychologist 2. Enforcement of Ethical Conduct 3. Knowing Thyself: Competence and Credentials 4. Ethical Obligations in Psychotherapy 5. Ethics in Psychotherapy: Techniques 6. Privacy, Confidentiality, and Record Keeping 7. Psychological Assssment: Testing Tribulations 8. Multiple Role Relationships and Conflicts-of- Interest 9. Attraction, Romance, and Sexual Intimacies 10. Money Matters and Managed Care 11. Psychologists in the marketplace 12. Presenting Psychology to the Public 13. Relationships with Colleagues, Supervisees, and Employees 14. Ethical Dilemmas in Specific Work Settings: Juggling Porcupines 15. Psychologists as Teachers: Classroom Conundrums 17. Scholarly Publication and Research Ethics Appendix A: American Psychological Association's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct Appendix B: Rules and Procedures of the American Psychological Association Ethics Committee

Ethics in Psychology: Professional Standards and Cases

Childhood, death, and cognitive development.

A total of 1 16 long-term survivors of childhood malignancies were interviewed by a psychologist and a psychiatrist, who independently assigned adjustment ratings to each patient. Semistructured interviews determined how soon after the initial diagnosis survivors learned they had cancer and whether they had been told by a parent or physician or had learned of the diagnosis in some other way. Good psychosocial adjustment was associated with patients’ early knowledge of the diagnosis. A high percentage of the survivors, their parents, and siblings felt that the cancer diagnosis should be shared with the child early on.

Communication of the cancer diagnosis to pediatric patients: impact on long-term adjustment.

Objective. To develop a brief screening tool that will allow emergency department (ED) staff to rapidly and accurately detect suicide risk in child and adolescent patients. Design. Cross-sectional survey. Participants. One hundred forty-four children and adolescents, mean age of 13.6 years, presenting to an urban university teaching hospital pediatric ED for primarily psychiatric reasons. Data Collection. As part of a quality improvement initiative, we developed a 14-item screening survey (the Risk of Suicide Questionnaire [RSQ]) that was administered by a triage nurse to all pediatric mental health patients on admission to the ED. All patients were subsequently administered the 30-item Suicide Ideation Questionnaire (SIQ) by a mental health clinician, which served as the criterion standard assessment of suicidality. Other information collected included demographic and clinical characteristics. Main Outcome Measures. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value (NPV), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for responses to individual and combinations of RSQ items, relative to determinations of suicidality by the criterion standard SIQ. Results. Four of the items from the RSQ had a predictive c statistic of 0.87, a sensitivity of 0.98, and a NPV of 0.97. Little improvement in predictive ability was obtained by including other RSQ items (c statistic for the most predictive 4-item model = 0.87; cstatistic for the model containing all 14 items = 0.90). Among all possible combinations of 4 RSQ items, the combination of items inquiring about current suicidal behavior, past suicidal ideation, past self-destructive behavior, and current stressors yielded the highest sensitivity (0.98), NPV (0.97), and c statistic (0.87), as assessed by the criterion standard SIQ. Conclusions. A brief 4-item screening tool can be used by nonmental health clinicians to accurately detect suicidality in children and adolescents who visit an ED. Early and accurate identification of suicidality is a critical first step that could lead to better treatment and improved health outcomes for children and adolescents with mental health concerns.

Gerald P. Koocher

Papers

The Damocles syndrome: Psychosocial consequences of surviving childhood cancer

Ethics in Psychology: Professional Standards and Cases

Childhood, death, and cognitive development.

Communication of the cancer diagnosis to pediatric patients: impact on long-term adjustment.

Detecting suicide risk in a pediatric emergency department: development of a brief screening tool.