Biotransformations with Lipases

Highly Enantioselective Reduction of a Small Heterocyclic Ketone: Biocatalytic Reduction of Tetrahydrothiophene-3-one to the Corresponding (R)-Alcohol

Chromanes are an important class of compounds that are found in many biologically active natural products.[1] Thiochromanes, the sulfur analogues of chromanes, have also been reported to possess important biological activities.[2] There are also reports that the replacement of the oxygen atom in chromanes with a sulfur atom results in enhanced bioactivities.[2d,f] Some representative examples are collected in Figure 1. Tertatolol (1) has been shown to have affinity to 5HTA1 receptors in human and rat brains.[2a,b] Thiochromane derivative 2 also displays a mixed binding affinity to dopamine D2, D3 and 5HTA1 receptors,[2d] whereas thiochromane derivative 3 shows potent anti-HIV activity.[2e]



Figure 1

Some biologically active thiochromane derivatives.



Owing to their biological activities, several asymmetric methods have been developed for the synthesis of these compounds, which include asymmetric reduction of thiochroman-4-ones,[3] enzymatic resolution of racemic 4-hydroxythiochromanes or 4-acyloxythiochromanes,[4] and enantioselective alkylation of thiochromanes via conjugate addition.[5] Last year Wang and co-workers reported an enantioselective tandem Michael–aldol reaction for the synthesis of thiochromenes catalyzed by a proline derivative.[6] Most recently, the same group also reported a quinine thiourea-catalyzed tandem Michael–aldol reaction for synthesis of thiochromanes.[7] Nonetheless, even with these progresses, an enantioselective method for the synthesis of 3-amino-4-hydroxythiochromanes (such as 2) is still lacking.

Recently, as part of our continued interest in enantioselective organocatalysis,[8] we reported a highly enantioselective Henry reaction[9] for the synthesis of α-hydroxyphosphonates by using cupreine derivatives as the catalysts.[10] During this study, we envisioned that a tandem[11] Michael–Henry reaction may be achieved if the starting material has both a nucleophilic and an electrophilic site, such as 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde. Although tandem Michael–Henry reactions are known in the literature,[12] only very recently have Hayashi and co-workers reported a catalytic enantioselective method.[13] Moreover, the synthesis of thiochromanes by using this tandem reaction has never been studied.[14] Herein, we report an organocatalytic, enantioselective tandem Michael–Henry reaction for the direct synthesis of 2-aryl-3-nitro-4-hydroxythiochromanes.

By using 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde (8) and β-nitrostyrene (9) as the model compounds, we initially studied the tandem Michael–Henry reaction using 5 mol% of DABCO as the catalyst at room temperature (entry 1, Table 1). We were pleased to find that the reaction was completed in just 5 min and only two diastereomers of the expected 2-phenyl-3-nitro-4-hydroxythiochromane (10a) were obtained in a ratio of 70:30, according to the 1H NMR analysis of the crude product. Encouraged by this result, we further screened some readily available alkaloid catalysts 4–7 (Figure 2) in an effort to develop an enantioselective reaction, and the results are summarized in Table 1.



Figure 2

Catalysts screened for the tandem Michael-Henry reaction.





Table 1

Catalyst screening and reaction condition optimizations.a



As shown in Table 1, with 5 mol% loading of quinine (4) in diethyl ether, the reaction of 8 and 9 proceeds smoothly, and complete conversion was achieved in just 5 min (entry 2). The same two diastereomers were formed in a ratio of 75:25. However, the ee value of the major diastereomer was only 8% for the enantiomer of 10a [i.e., the (2S,3R,4S)-stereo-isomer]. Catalyst 5 (9-O-benzylcupreine) also produces a similar diastereoselectivity (67:33) with a modest ee value of 29%, but with 10a as the major product of the major diastereomer (entry 3). In contrast, cupreine (6) proved to be a good catalyst for this reaction, and an ee value of 75% for 10a was obtained under similar conditions (entry 4). As expected, catalyst 7, the diastereomer of 6, yielded 10a in similar diasteroselectivity and enantioselectivity as 6, except that the enantiomer of 10a was obtained (entry 5). The reaction conditions were further optimized for 6. Screening of some common organic solvents (toluene, CHCl3, and EtOAc, entries 6–8) revealed that ether (entry 4) is the best one in terms of both diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity.

It was also found that the reaction temperature has subtle effects on the reaction (entries 9–11): the highest enantioselectivity of 86% was obtained by carrying out the reaction at −10°C (entry 10), whereas higher (entries 5 and 9) or lower temperatures (entry 11) all led to inferior ee values. In contrast, the diastereoselectivity of this reaction is essentially not affected by the reaction temperature (entries 5, 9, and 11). Since the reaction proceeds very quickly under the optimized conditions (−10°C in ether), 5 mol% of catalyst loading seems unnecessary. Indeed, the reaction with only 2 mol% loading gave similar results (entries 12 and 10). It should be pointed out that the major diastereomer is a crystalline compound and the diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity may be easily improved by recrystallization from hexane/EtOAc. For example, the diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity of compound 10a were improved to 94:6 and > 99% ee, respectively, after a single recrystallization (entry 12, values in parentheses).

To test the substrate scope of this new tandem reaction, the reaction of various 2-mercaptobenzaldehydes[15] and β-nitrostyrenes was studied under the optimized conditions using 2 mol% of cupreine (6) as the catalyst. The results are collected in Table 2.



Table 2

Enantioselective tandem Michael–Henry reaction of 2-mercaptobenzaldehydes (8) with various β-nitrostyrenes (9).a



As shown in Table 2, the reaction of 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde with various β-nitrostyrenes all give excellent yields of the desired products (≥ 94%, entries 2–9). According to NMR analyses of the crude products, only two diastereomers were formed, even though three stereogenic centers were generated. The diastereoselectivities were in the range of 68:32 to 77:23, and the ee values of the major enantiomers were from 72 to 86%. β-Nitrostyrenes with electron-withdrawing substituents on the ortho, meta or para positions afford thiochromanes with slightly inferior enantioselectivities (entries 3–6), except for the 2-bromo substrate (entry 2), for which the product was obtained in 85% ee. Besides the prototype 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde, substituted 2-mercaptobenzaldehydes also react with β-nitrostyrenes. For example, the reaction of 2-mercapto-4-methoxybenzaldehyde and β-nitrostyrene (entry 10) and 4-bromo-β-nitrostyrene (entry 11) both give similar diastereoselectivities (ca. 70:30) and enantioselectivities (ca. 80% ee). These results are comparable with those of 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde (entry 1). Similar results were also observed when 4-methyl-2-mercaptobenzaldehyde (entry 12) and 4-chloro-2-mercaptobenzaldehyde (entry 13) and β-nitrostyrene were used; except that the yields (ca. 85%) and ee values (ca. 75%) were slightly lower. As with compound 10a (entry 1), all these diastereomeric mixtures cannot be separated by column chromatography; however, they may be readily separated by recrystallization. As shown in Table 2 (data in parentheses), after a single recrystallization using hexane/EtOAc, the major diastereomers of thiochromanes 10a–m may be obtained in very good diastereomeric purity (dr ≥ 87:13) and high optical purity (>99% ee in several cases).

The absolute configuration of major diastereomer was assigned on the basis of the X-ray crystallographic analysis on compound 10b (CCDC deposition number: 647961). The stereochemistry of the major trans,trans-isomer is 2R,3S,4R.[16] A mechanism as shown in Scheme 1 is proposed to explain the observed results. The mercapto group of the mercaptoaldehyde is deprotonated by the catalyst and the newly formed anion is associated with the catalyst through charge interactions. When β-nitrostyrene approaches this complex, the nitro group will form hydrogen bonds with the two hydroxy groups of the curpreine. Among the two possible orientations of the alkene substrate (Scheme 1), the re face approach is favored (left structure), as the unfavourable steric interaction between the phenyl group and the catalyst backbone is avoided. The attack of the sulfide anion onto the re face of the β-nitrostyrene leads to the observed major enantiomer of the product.



Scheme 1

Proposed transition states.



To show the utility of this method in the preparation of enantioenriched 3-amino-4-hydroxythiochromanes,[2d] the nitro compound 10a obtained in this study was reduced with hydrogen gas under the catalysis of palladium/carbon. As shown in Eq. (1), the reaction leads to the desired amino derivative 11 in good yield and with complete retention of the stereochemistry.




(1)


In summary, we have developed a tandem Michael–Henry reaction of 2-mercaptobenzaldehydes and β-nitrostyrenes by using cupreine (6) as the catalyst. Chiral 2-aryl-3-nitrothiochroman-4-ols have been synthesized with enantioselectivities up to 86% and diastereomeric ratios up to 78:22. A single recrystallization of the diastereomeric mixture from hexane/EtOAc enhances both the enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee) and diastereoselectivities (up to 98% de). These products are useful for the synthesis of biologically active thiochromane derivatives, such as compound 2.

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Synthesis of 2,3,4-Trisubstituted Thiochromanes using an Organocatalytic Enantioselective Tandem Michael-Henry Reaction.

The lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia represents a widely applied catalyst for highly enantioselective resolution of chiral secondary alcohols. While its stereopreference is determined predominantly by the substrate structure, stereoselectivity depends on atomic details of interactions between substrate and lipase. Thirty secondary alcohols with published E values using P. cepacia lipase in hydrolysis or esterification reactions were selected, and models of their octanoic acid esters were docked to the open conformation of P. cepacia lipase. The two enantiomers of 27 substrates bound preferentially in either of two binding modes: the fast-reacting enantiomer in a productive mode and the slow-reacting enantiomer in a nonproductive mode. Nonproductive mode of fast-reacting enantiomers was prohibited by repulsive interactions. For the slow-reacting enantiomers in the productive binding mode, the substrate pushes the active site histidine away from its proper orientation, and the distance d(H(N epsilon) - O(alc)) between the histidine side chain and the alcohol oxygen increases, d(H(N epsilon) - O(alc)) was correlated to experimentally observed enantioselectivity: in substrates for which P. cepacia lipase has high enantioselectivity (E > 100), d(H(N epsilon) - O(alc)) is >2.2 A for slow-reacting enantiomers, thus preventing efficient catalysis of this enantiomer. In substrates of low enantioselectivity (E < 20), the distance d(H(N epsilon) - O(alc)) is less than 2.0 A, and slow- and fast-reacting enantiomers are catalyzed at similar rates. For substrates of medium enantioselectivity (20 < E < 100), d(H(N epsilon) - O(alc)) is around 2.1 A. This simple model can be applied to predict enantioselectivity of P. cepacia lipase toward a broad range of secondary alcohols.

Stereoselectivity of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase toward secondary alcohols: A quantitative model

The applications of nitroalkenes in the synthesis of three- to five-membered O, N and S-heterocycles, including natural products are investigated in this review. These heterocyclic compounds were synthesized from nitroalkenes with a variety of substituents at the α and β-positions and those that were part of common and medium rings via a wide variety of reactions such as Michael addition reactions, epoxidation, [3 + 2] cycloaddition and many cascade/domino/tandem reactions. In addition, the potential of nitroalkenes to take part in multi-component and cascade reactions, particularly, in diastereo- and enantioselective versions is reviewed. The high reactivity of nitroalkenes and their potential to coordinate with the metal catalysts as well as organocatalysts signify them as efficient precursors in synthetic organic chemistry. Also, the flexibility of the nitro group in functional group manipulations has expanded the scope of the nitro group, in general, and nitroalkenes, in particular, in organic synthesis.

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Part I: Nitroalkenes in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds

The butyrates and acetates of heterocyclic alcohols like 3 - hydroxy tetrahydrofuran and - pyran, 3- and 4 - chromanol as well as the corresponding sulfur heterocycles were hydrolyzed using lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL) and from Pseudomonas cepacia, (PCL). Poor to excellent enantioselectivities were obtained depending on the structure of the substrates. An electrostatic amendment to the steric substrate model for PGL is proposed.

Gerald Polanz

Papers

Enzymatic Resolutions of Heterocyclic Alcohols