Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine have been studied in biological samples and other related matrices owing to the need to understand the biochemical effects in living organisms. In this review, the works published in last 20 years are covered, and the main topics related to sample preparation methods and analytical techniques commonly used for fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine determination in biological samples, food, drugs, and plants used as food or with medical applications are discussed. The commonest sample preparation methods, as extraction and decomposition using combustion and pyrohydrolysis, are reviewed, as well as spectrometric and electroanalytical techniques, spectrophotometry, total reflection X-ray fluorescence, neutron activation analysis, and separation systems using chromatography and electrophoresis. On this aspect, the main analytical challenges and drawbacks are highlighted. A discussion related to the availability of certified reference materials for evaluation of accuracy is also included, as well as a discussion of the official methods used as references for the determination of halogens in the samples covered in this review.

Analytical methods for the determination of halogens in bioanalytical sciences: a review

Sample pretreatment strategies for total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis: A tutorial review

The determination and quantification of halide impurities in ionic liquids is highly important because halide ions can significantly influence the chemical and physical properties of ionic liquids. The use of impure ionic liquids in fundamental studies on solvent extraction or catalytic reactions can lead to incorrect experimental data. The detection of halide ions in solution by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) has been problematic because volatile hydrogen halide (HX) compounds are formed when the sample is mixed with the acidic metal standard solution. The loss of HX during the drying step of the sample preparation procedure gives imprecise and inaccurate results. A new method based on an alkaline copper standard Cu(NH3)4(NO3)2 is presented for the determination of chloride, bromide, and iodide impurities in ionic liquids. The 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C4mim]) ionic liquids with the anions acetate ([C4mim][OAc]), nitrate ([C4mim][NO3]), trifluoromethanesulfonate ([C4mim][OTf]), and bis(tr...

Determination of Halide Impurities in Ionic Liquids by Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Recent Progress in Organic Phototransistors: Semiconductor Materials, Device Structures and Optoelectronic Applications

We have prepared a new type of two-dimensional strontium-doped molybdenum diselenide (SrMoSe2) nanosheets by using a simple hydrothermal process and characterized them by using various analytical techniques. Especially, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy technique evidently confirm the formation of SrMoSe2 nanosheets. In addition, the electrochemical properties of a SrMoSe2 nanosheet-modified glassy carbon electrode (SrMoSe2/GCE) were studied by using various electrochemical techniques. As a result, the SrMoSe2/GCE was detected with a low electron-transfer resistance (16.58 Ω), an excellent active surface area (0.104 cm2), and a superior charge-transfer coefficient (0.89). Moreover, the SrMoSe2/GCE was developed for electrochemical detection of the antimicrobial metronidazole (MTZ) drug. As expected, the SrMoSe2/GCE exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the detection of MTZ with a low detection limit (0.001 μM), better sensitivity (1.13 μA μM–1 cm–2), and wide linear ra...

Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Sr-Doped MoSe2 Nanosheets and Their Application for Efficient Electrochemical Reduction of Metronidazole

Determination of fluorine by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry ☆

Interdigitated Ambipolar Active Layer for Organic Phototransistor with Balanced Charge Transport

Here, we report a laterally stacked organic crystal active layer formed from the mixed solution of a perylene diimide derivative (PTCDI-C5) and a benzothieno-benzothiophene derivative (C8-BTBT) through a solution process called in situ PTCDI-aided lateral crystallization, where PTCDI-C5 serves as an n-channel semiconductor as well as a template for the crystallization of the p-channel C8-BTBT. We found that the crystal formation was strongly influenced by the composition of the mixed solution of PTCDI-C5 and C8-BTBT, and ambipolar laterally stacked crystals could be prepared after optimizing parameters of the solution composition, such as ratio and total concentration. The devices fabricated based on the stacked crystals exhibited well-balanced ambipolar charge transport behavior, with a mean mobility of 3.5 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 for electrons and 7.6 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 for holes, and showed responsivity as high as 3.7 A W−1, with a maximum photosensitivity of 686 under white light illumination. We successfully implemented these transistors in a complementary-like inverter that exhibited clear ambipolar voltage transfer behavior in the first and third quadrants with the gain of 10. Using this in situ lateral crystallization method, it is possible to prepare composite semiconducting layers with well-balanced ambipolar charge transport and photodetection capability in the desired wavelength range by the appropriate selection of component materials.

In situ PTCDI-aided lateral crystallization of benzothieno-benzothiophene derivative for photoresponsive organic ambipolar devices

Organic semiconductors are currently implemented in photoresponsive devices due to their versatility. The aim of this study was to investigate the photoresponsive properties of an ambipolar field-e...

Gergely Tarsoly

Papers

Determination of fluorine by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry ☆

Interdigitated Ambipolar Active Layer for Organic Phototransistor with Balanced Charge Transport

In situ PTCDI-aided lateral crystallization of benzothieno-benzothiophene derivative for photoresponsive organic ambipolar devices

Photocurrent Response in Ambipolar Transistors Based on Single Laterally Stacked Crystals: The Role of Charge Trapping and Release

Polymer binder assisted, solution processed cyanophenyl functionalized diketopyrrolopyrrole microwire for n-channel field-effect transistors